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Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. 1988 Feb;334:1-158.
NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 2-Amino-5-Nitrophenol (CAS No. 121-88-0) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies).

National Toxicology Program.

2-Amino-5-nitrophenol is used as a colorant in semipermanent hair dyes and in the manufacture of C.I. Solvent Red 8, an azo dye for synthetic resins, lacquers, and wood stains. 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol was nominated for toxicology and carcinogenesis studies by the National Cancer Institute because of widespread human exposure associated with its use in hair dyes. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies were conducted by administering 2-amino-5-nitrophenol (98% pure) by gavage in corn oil 5 days per week to groups of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex in 16-day, 13-week, and 2-year studies. In the 2-year studies, male and female rats were given doses of 0, 100, or 200 mg/kg and male and female mice were given doses of 0, 400, or 800 mg/kg. Sixteen-Day and Thirteen-Week Studies: During the 16-day studies, F344/N rats of each sex received 0, 156, 313, 625, 1,250, or 2,500 mg/kg 2-amino-5-nitrophenol by gavage in corn oil vehicle. One of the five males that received 2,500 mg/kg, 1/5 females that received 1,250 mg/kg, and 2/5 females that received 313 mg/kg died before the end of the studies. Final mean body weights of rats that received 1,250 or 2,500 mg/kg were 11% and 30% lower than that of vehicle controls for males and 9% and 13% lower for females. B6C3F1 mice of each sex received doses of 0, 313, 625, 1,250, 2,500, or 5,000 mg/kg 2-amino-5-nitrophenol. Two of five males and 5/5 females that received 5,000 mg/kg, 3/5 males and 3/5 females that received 2,500 mg/kg, 3/5 females that received 1,250 mg/kg, 1/5 females that received 625 mg/kg, and 2/5 male vehicle controls died before the end of the studies. Final mean body weights of chemically exposed mice were not different from those of the vehicle controls. Rats that received 625, 1,250, or 2,500 mg/kg and male mice that received 5,000 mg/kg had loose stools. In 13-week studies, F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of both sexes received 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1,600 mg/kg 2-amino-5-nitrophenol by gavage in corn oil. Five of 10 male and 2/10 female rats that received 1,600 mg/kg, 1/10 male and 3/10 female rats that received 800 mg/kg, and 1/10 male rats that received 400 mg/kg died before the end of the studies. Final mean body weights of males that received 400, 800, or 1,600 mg/kg were 10%, 25%, and 43% lower than that of vehicle controls. The final mean body weight of females that received 1,600 mg/kg was 16% lower that of vehicle controls. Four of 10 male and 3/10 female mice that received 1,600 mg/kg died before the end of the 13-week studies. The final mean body weight of male mice that received 1,600 mg/kg was 11% lower than that of vehicle controls; male and female mice that received 1,600 mg/kg appeared lethargic. During the 13-week studies, acute/chronic perivasculitis of vessels of the cecum and colon was observed in rats that received 400, 800, or 1,600 mg/kg and in mice that received 1,600 mg/kg. Body Weight and Survival in the Two-Year Studies: Mean body weights of rats receiving 200 mg/kg were 5%-10% lower than those of vehicle controls after week 33 for males and 4%-5% lower than those of vehicle controls after week 93 for females. Survival of male rats was significantly lower than that of vehicle controls after week 99 for the 100 mg/kg dose group and after week 75 for the 200 mg/kg dose group (final survival: vehicle control, 33/50; 100 mg/kg group, 16/50; 200 mg/kg group, 4/50). Survival of female rats was comparable to that of vehicle controls (30/50; 32/50; 29/50). Loose or poorly formed stools were observed for male rats and occasionally for females that received 200 mg/kg. Mean body weights of mice that received 800 mg/kg were 8%-11% lower than those of vehicle controls between weeks 29 and 74 for males and 8%-13% lower than those of vehicle controls after week 69 for females; mean body weights of mice that received 400 mg/kg were greater than those of vehicle controls after week 69 for males and 5%-9% lower than those of vehicle controls after week 69 for females. Survival of mice that received 800 mg/kg was significantly reduced compared with that of ose of vehicle controls after week 69 for females. Survival of mice that received 800 mg/kg was significantly reduced compared with that of vehicle controls after week 20 for males and week 22 for females and was not considered adequate to evaluate a carcinogenic response (final survival--male: vehicle control, 31/50; 400 mg/kg group, 36/50; 800 mg/kg group, 12/50; female: 37/50; 36/50; 10/50). Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Effects in the Two-Year Studies: Pigmentation was present at increased incidences in all groups of chemically exposed animals and was characterized by varying amounts of an orange, granular pigment present in the fibrous connective tissue of the lamina propria, in the submucosa, and around vessels in the submucosa of the cecum and colon. Pigmentation of the rectum was observed at increased incidences in male rats that received 100 mg/kg, male and female rats that received 200 mg/kg, and both groups of chemically exposed mice. No pigmentation was found in the intestines of vehicle control rats or mice. Associated with pigmentation was an increased incidence of acute/chronic inflammation in the cecum and colon of all groups chemically exposed rats and mice; this inflammation was similar to that observed in the 13-week studies but was of greater severity. Acute/chronic inflammation was also present in the rectum of male rats that received 100 mg/kg, male and female rats that received 200 mg/kg, and male mice that received 800 mg/kg. The incidence of pancreatic acinar cell adenomas was significantly increased (P≤0.002) in male rats that received 100 mg/kg 2-amino-5-nitrophenol (vehicle control, 1/50; 100 mg/kg, 10/50; 200 mg/kg, 3/49); the increase was considered to be associated with chemical exposure. The reduced survival of male rats that received 200 mg/kg markedly reduced the sensitivity of this group for detecting the presence of neoplasms. The incidences of adenomas or carcinomas (combined) of the preputial or clitoral glands were marginally increased in male or female rats that received 200 mg/kg 2-amino-5-nitrophenol (preputial gland: 3/50; 2/50; 5/50; clitoral gland: 3/50; 3/50; 7/50). Neoplasms found in the intestinal tract of 3/50 male rats that received 100 mg/kg (one leiomyoma of the small intestine, one adenocarcinoma of the jejunum, one leiomyoma of the cecum), 2/50 male rats that received 200 mg/kg (one lipoma and one osteosarcoma of the cecum), and 1/50 female rats that received 200 mg/kg (one leiomyoma of the cecum) were not considered to be the result of chemical exposure. No compound-related neoplasms were found in mice exposed to 2-amino-5-nitrophenol in the 2-year studies. Genetic Toxicology: 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, and TA1537 when tested in a preincubation protocol with and without exogenous metabolic activation, and it exhibited equivocal mutagenic activity in strain TA1535 in the presence of induced liver S9. 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol induced forward mutations in mouse L5178Y lymphoma cells in the absence of metabolic activation; it was not tested with S9. An increase in chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges was observed in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells following incubation with 2-amino-5-nitrophenol both in the presence and absence of exogenous metabolic activation. Data Audit: The data, documents, and pathology materials from the 2-year studies of 2-amino-5-nitrophenol were audited at the NTP Archives. The audit findings show that the conduct of the studies is documented adequately and support the data and results given in this Technical Report. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity for male F344/N rats that received 100 mg/kg 2-amino-5-nitrophenol, as shown by the increased incidence of acinar cell adenomas of the pancreas. Reduced survival of male F344/N rats that received 200 mg/kg decreased the sensitivity of this group for detecting a carcinogenic response. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for female rats that received 100 or 200 mg/kg per day. Marginally increased incidences of preputial or clitoral gland adenomas or carcinomas (combined) occurred in male and female F344/N rats administered 200 mg/kg 2-amino-5-nitrophenol. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for B6C3F1 mice that received 400 mg/kg 2-amino-5-nitrophenol; reduced survival of B6C3F1 mice that received 800 mg/kg caused this group to be considered inadequate for detecting a carcinogenic response.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12732902&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. 1986 Jan;281:1-184.
NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of HC Red No. 3 [2,((Amino-2-nitrophenyl)amino)ethanol] (CAS No. 2871-01-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies).

National Toxicology Program.

oxicology and carcinogenesis studies of HC Red No. 3 (97% pure), a semipermanent hair dye, were conducted by administering the chemical in corn oil by gavage for 105 weeks to groups of 50 male and 50 female F344/N rats and for 104 weeks to groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice. The dosage regimen used for rats was 0, 250, or 500 mg/kg per day and for mice, 0, 125. or 250 mg/kg per day. Doses were administered 5 days per week. In prior 13-week studies, these doses produced no signs of toxicity when administered 5 days per week. In the 2-year studies, the administration of HC Red No. 3 did not affect body weight gains of male or female rats or mice. Body weight gains by all groups of female mice were reduced because of a reproductive tract infection. Survival of male and female rats and mice was not reduced by administration of HC Red No. 3. The survival of female mice, including vehicle controls, was reduced relative to historical survival rates due to a reproductive tract infection. The infection, accompanied by weight loss, high mortality, and suppurative inflammation of multiple organs, was found in 36/50 vehicle control, 32/50 low dose, and 29/50 high dose female mice. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from infected tissues. Pigmentation of various tissues in both rats and mice was a common observation in both the 13-week and the 2-year studies. The pigment was not identified but was presumed to be a derivative of HC Red No. 3. Very minimal nephropathy was found in dosed female rats, but its relationship to HC Red No. 3 is equivocal. Mild nephrosis was found in dosed female mice, but this effect may have been secondary to the infection of the genital tract. There was an increase in the incidence of mammary gland fibroadenomas or cystadenomas in low dose female rats. The incidence of this lesion in high dose female rats was not increased (vehicle control, 14/50, 28%; low dose, 25/50, 50%; high dose, 11/50, 22%). Largely because of the lack of a dose response, the increased incidence in the low dose females was not considered to be due to HC Red No. 3. No increased incidences of neoplasms were seen in male rats. Transitional cell papillomas of the urinary bladder were detected in one high dose male rat, two low dose female rats, and one high dose female rat; none was observed in the vehicle controls. These uncommon neoplasms were found in animals that survived to the termination of the study and were not accompanied by other proliferative lesions. The incidence of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas (combined) was increased in high dose male mice, whereas the incidence of these neoplasms in low dose male mice was significantly lower than that in the vehicle controls (25/50; 15/50; 35/50). Hepatocellular carcinomas in three vehicle control, one low dose, and five high dose male mice metastasized to the lung. The incidences of liver neoplasms in dosed female mice were not significantly different from those in the vehicle control group. HC Red No. 3 was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, and TA100, but not in TA1535, in the presence or absence of Aroclor 1254-induced male Sprague-Dawley rat or male Syrian hamster liver S9 when tested by the preincubational protocol. An audit of the experimental data was conducted for these 2-year toxicology and carcinogenesis studies on HC Red No. 3. No data discrepancies were found that influenced the final interpretations. Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies of HC Red No. 3, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity for male or female F344/N rats given 250 or 500 mg/kg per day. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity for male B6C3F1 mice as indicated by an increased incidence of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas (combined) in the 250 mg/kg dose group. Poor survival coupled with lack of significant findings rendered the study in female B6C3F1 mice an inadequate study of carcinogenicity. Both sexes of both species may have been able to tolerate higher doses of HC Red No. 3. Therefore, the sensitivity of these studies for detecting chese studies for detecting carcinogenesis may have been limited. Synonym: 2,((amino-2-nitrophenyl)amino)ethanol

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12748698&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

J Neurosci. 2003 Jun 1;23(11):4395-400.
Math1 gene transfer generates new cochlear hair cells in mature guinea pigs in vivo.

Kawamoto K, Ishimoto S, Minoda R, Brough DE, Raphael Y.

Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0648, USA.

Hair cell loss in the mammalian cochlea is irreversible and results in permanent hearing loss. Math1, the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor homolog of the Drosophila atonal gene, is a positive regulator of hair cell differentiation during cochlear development. Developing hair cells express Math1, and nonsensory cells do not. We set out to determine the outcome of overexpression of Math1 in nonsensory cells of the cochlea on the phenotype of these cells. We demonstrate that in vivo inoculation of adenovirus with the Math1 gene insert into the endolymph of the mature guinea pig cochlea results in Math1 overexpression in nonsensory cochlear cells, as evident from the presence of Math1 protein in supporting cells of the organ of Corti and in adjacent nonsensory epithelial cells. Math1 overexpression leads to the appearance of immature hair cells in the organ of Corti and new hair cells adjacent to the organ of Corti in the interdental cell, inner sulcus, and Hensen cell regions. Axons are extended from the bundle of auditory nerve toward some of the new hair cells, suggesting that the new cells attract auditory neurons. We conclude that nonsensory cells in the mature cochlea retain the competence to generate new hair cells after overexpression of Math1 in vivo and that Math1 is necessary and sufficient to direct hair cell differentiation in these mature nonsensory cells.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12805278&dopt=Abstract

J Cutan Pathol. 2003 Jan;30(1):11-7.
p63 expression in normal human epidermis and epidermal appendages and their tumors.

Tsujita-Kyutoku M, Kiuchi K, Danbara N, Yuri T, Senzaki H, Tsubura A.

Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan.

BACKGROUND: p63, a member of the p53 gene family, is expressed in basal cells of several different organs. METHODS: The immunoreactivity of p63 was examined in normal human epidermis and epidermal appendages and their tumors, and compared with proliferative activity as evaluated by Ki-67. RESULTS: In normal skin, p63 expression was seen in basal/suprabasal cells of the epidermis, outer root sheath and hair matrix cells of the hair follicle, seboblast situated in the outermost layer of sebaceous glands, and outer layer cells of the ductal portion and myoepithelial cells of the secretory portion of the sweat glands. p63 expression was confined to the cells forming a continuous basal rim along the normal epithelial structure. In tumors, p63 expression resembled that in normal tissue in that tumor components originating from p63-positive cells were constantly positive for p63. In normal and tumor tissues, not all p63-positive cells were positive for Ki-67. CONCLUSIONS: p63 expression may be a marker of basal/progenitor cells in tumors of epidermis and epidermal appendages, and may be a diagnostic marker of these tumors.

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