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hair related research references
J Acoust Soc Am. 2003 Jul;114(1):396-407.
Intensity discrimination and increment detection in cochlear-implant users.
Wojtczak M, Donaldson GS, Viemeister NF.
Psychoacoustics Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. wojtmn.edu
Intensity difference limens (DLs) were measured in users of the Nucleus 22 and Clarion v1.2 cochlear implants and in normal-hearing listeners to better understand mechanisms of intensity discrimination in electric and acoustic hearing and to evaluate the possible role of neural adaptation. Intensity DLs were measured for three modes of presentation: gated (intensity increments gated synchronously with the pedestal), fringe (intensity increments delayed 250 or 650 ms relative to the onset of the pedestal), and continuous (intensity increments occur in the presence of a pedestal that is played throughout the experimental run). Stimuli for cochlear-implant listeners were trains of biphasic pulses; stimuli for normal-hearing listeners were a 1-kHz tone and a wideband noise. Clarion cochlear-implant listeners showed level-dependent effects of presentation mode. At low pedestal levels, gated thresholds were generally similar to thresholds obtained in the fringe and continuous conditions. At higher pedestal levels, however, the fringe and continuous conditions produced smaller intensity DLs than the gated condition, similar to the gated-continuous difference in intensity DLs observed in acoustic hearing. Nucleus cochlear-implant listeners did not show consistent threshold differences for the gated and fringe conditions, and were not tested in the continuous condition. It is not clear why a difference between gated and fringe thresholds occurred for the Clarion but not the Nucleus subjects. Normal-hearing listeners showed improved thresholds for the continuous condition relative to the gated condition, but the effect was larger for the 1-kHz tonal carrier than for the noise carrier. Findings suggest that adaptation occurring central to the inner hair cell synapse mediates the gated-continuous difference observed in Clarion cochlear-implant listeners and may also contribute to the gated-continuous difference in acoustic hearing.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12880051&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
Environ Health Perspect. 2003 May;111(5):737-41.
Blood lead levels and sexual maturation in U.S. girls: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.
Wu T, Buck GM, Mendola P.
Department of Public Health/Family Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614-1709, USA. wuail.etsu.edu
Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we assessed measures of puberty in U.S. girls in relation to blood lead levels to determine whether sexual maturation may be affected by current environmental lead exposure. The study sample included 1,706 girls 8-16 years old with pubic hair and breast development information; 1,235 girls 10-16 years old supplied information on menarche. Blood lead concentrations (range = 0.7-21.7 micro g/dL) were categorized into three levels: 0.7-2.0, 2.1-4.9, and 5.0-21.7 micro g/dL. Sexual maturation markers included self-reported attainment of menarche and physician determined Tanner stage 2 pubic hair and breast development. Girls who had not reached menarche or stage 2 pubic hair had higher blood lead levels than did girls who had. For example, among girls in the three levels of blood lead described above, the unweighted percentages of 10-year-olds who had attained Tanner stage 2 pubic hair were 60.0, 51.2, and 44.4%, respectively, and for girls 12 years old who reported reaching menarche, the values were 68.0, 44.3, and 38.5%, respectively. The negative relation of blood lead levels with attainment of menarche or stage 2 pubic hair remained significant in logistic regression even after adjustment for race/ethnicity, age, family size, residence in metropolitan area, poverty income ratio, and body mass index. In conclusion, higher blood lead levels were significantly associated with delayed attainment of menarche and pubic hair among U.S. girls, but not with breast development.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12727603&dopt=Abstract
J Pharm Sci. 2000 Dec;89(12):1537-49.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy of iontophoretic transport in hairless mouse skin. Analysis of the relative contributions of diffusion, migration, and electroosmosis to transport in hair follicles.
Bath BD, Scott ER, Phipps JB, White HS.
Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is used to measure spatially localized diffusive and iontophoretic transport rates in hairless mouse skin. Molecular fluxes within individual hair follicles are quantified by measuring the rate at which redox-active probe molecules emerge from the follicle. The influence of an applied current on the flux of an anion (ascorbate), a cation (ferrocenylmethyltrimethylammonium), and a neutral molecule (acetaminophen) is used to determine the contributions of diffusion, migration, and electroosmosis to iontophoretic transport. The direction of electroosmotic transport is consistent with hair follicles possessing a net negative charge at neutral pH. Electroosmosis results in a modest increase in the transport rate of the neutral molecule (a factor of approximately 2.4x at an iontophoretic current density of 0.1 mA/cm(2)). Larger enhancements in the flux of the electrically charged species are associated with migration. The electroosmotic flow velocity within hair follicles is established to be 0.5 (+/-0.1) microm/s at 0.1 mA/cm(2), independent of the electrical charge of permeant. The net volume flow rate across skin resulting from electroosmosis in hair follicles is estimated to be 0.3 microL/cm(2)h. The results suggest that hair follicles are a significant pathway for electroosmotic solution flow during iontophoresis. The radius of the hair follicle openings in hairless mouse skin is measured to be 21 +/- 5 microm. 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11042601&dopt=Abstract
Aktuelle Derm. 1976 February;2(1):33-8.
[Systematic treatment with sex hormones in dermatology]
[Article in German]
Zaun H.
PIP: Recently a group of hormonal contraceptives, used in the treatment of skin diseases, has been taken off the market, leading dermatologists to critically evaluate sex hormone (SH) therapy. The antiandrogenic side effect of hormonal contraceptives has been effective in treating hormonally induced skin disorders, e.g., involving oil or endocrine secretion, and hair growth. SH therapy is indicated for treatment of female acne (reports of 70% success after 2-6 months' intensive therapy), and in some cases male acne, and also for seborrhoea (report of 90% success after 1-3 months' intensive treatment), also for female sebocystamatose and Fox-Fordyce disease. In the case of female androgenic alopecia and hirsutism, SH therapy results are limited. Rosacea and periole dermatitis should probably not be treated with SH therapy. Patients with skin disorders should carefully avoid any androgen-effective oral contraceptives, even for birth control purposes, and pay particular attention to the progesterone content, since some progesterones have androgenic aftereffects (testosterone anabolica, nortestosterone derivatives). The 2-phased Eunomin with chlormadinone is 1 recommended hormonal antiandrogenic preparation available at the present time. If 1-phase therapy is preferable, Menova may be used. Since remissions of psoriasis have been observed in pregnancy, SH therapy with nortestosterone may be indicated; and also in the case of herpes simplex menstrualis and perigo simplex subacuta, therapy should be attempted.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12308225&dopt=Abstract
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