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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references

J Comput Neurosci. 2002 Sep-Oct;13(2):71-91.
A unified mechanism for spontaneous-rate and first-spike timing in the auditory nerve.

Krishna BS.

Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA. suresns.nyu.edu

Recent physiological experiments have provided detailed descriptions of the properties of first-spike latency and variability in auditory cortex and nerve in response to pure tones with different envelopes. The envelope-dependence of first-spike timing and precision in auditory cortical neurons appears to reflect properties established in the nerve. First-spike latency properties in individual auditory nerve fibers are strongly correlated with their spontaneous rate (SR). It is shown here that a minimal, plausible model of auditory transduction with two free parameters accurately reproduces the physiological data from the auditory nerve population. The model consists of a simple gain stage, a bandpass filter, a rectifying saturating non-linearity, and a lowpass filter in series. The output of the lowpass filter drives an inhomogeneous Poisson process. The shape of the non-linearity is determined by SR; in physiological terms, this shape depends upon the resting sensitivity of the synapse between the inner hair cell and the auditory nerve. An alternative model for SR generation, where SR is added to the stimulus-driven output of a fixed nonlinearity, fails to account for the data. The results provide a novel, comprehensive and physiologically-based explanation for the range of experimental results on the envelope-dependence of first-spike latency and precision, and its relationship with SR, in the auditory system.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12215723&dopt=Abstract

Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. 2003 Jan;17(1):40-3.
[Restricted microcirculation disorder induced by photochemical reaction in the guinea pig cochlea]

[Article in Chinese]

Zhong Z, Li X, Wu H, Wu C.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of restricted cochlear microcirculation disorder on the cochlear blood flow, auditory function, and morphology. METHOD: Photochemical reaction was utilized to induce localized microcirculation damage to the second cochlear turn. After systemical administration of rose bengal, the second cochlear turn was illuminated with green light (wave length 540 nm +/- 40 nm) to cause thrombosis in the stria vascularis, the area was about 1.2 x 1.0 mm2. RESULT: At the site of the illumination, cochlear blood flow gradually decreased, and the threshold of action potential gradually increased. Surface preparing showed thrombus was in the stria vascularis. Three hours after the photochemical reaction, some hair cells in the illuminated area necrotized. The length of the lesion was 1152.50 +/- 363.26 microns (n = 4). But hair cells in the non-illuminated area were normal. CONCLUSION: The photochemical method is a reliable tool to produce an animal model with the restricted microvessel lesion in the lateral wall of the cochlea. It could be used as an animal model for the treatment of the cochlear thrombosis.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12725189&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

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OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of direct current on vibration of cochlear basilar membrane. METHODS: A small hole with a diameter about 0.4 mm, which had the distance of 2.4 mm from round window niche, was made on cochlear basic turn of guinea pig for measuring the velocity of basilar membrane in vivo. On the superior and inferior edge of the measuring window, holes were made on the scala tympani and scala vestibuli for insert stimulating electrode that was made of platinum-iridium. The basilar membrane vibration was elicited by tone and the effect of direct current stimuli were observed by Laser Doppler interference velocimeter. RESULTS: The velocity of basilar membrane vibration elicited with tone was increased significantly when positive current was delivered to scala vestibuli and the velocity was decreased on the contrary. CONCLUSION: The positive endolymphatic potential is essential for cochlea to transit sound to nerve impulse in physiological condition. It is benefit to enhance the gain of cochlear amplifier when the positive potential is increased on the top of outer hair cells, but the extrinsic negative potential should significantly decrease the gain of cochlear amplifier.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12761940&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Neuroreport. 2002 Oct 7;13(14):1765-8.
Signal discrimination in the semicircular canals: a role for group I metabotropic glutamate receptors.

Hendricson AW, Guth PS.

Department of Pharmacology SL83, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.

Fluorescence immunocytochemistry indicates that enzymatically isolated semi-circular canal (SCC) hair cells express metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) 1a and 5. Antibody-antigen preadsorption controls proved entirely negative. Applied while mechanically stimulating the posterior SCC with a piezo-electric bimorph, the non-competitive, mGluR5-selective antagonist MPEP-HCl (1 microM-3 mM) dose-dependently reduces mechanically evoked facilitation of afferent discharge rate (IC50 136 microM; n = 4), while having no effect on tonic, unstimulated afferent discharge. It thus appears that group I mGluRs on SCC hair cells are activated during mechanical stimulation, but are not activated under tonic transmitter release conditions. We conclude that group I mGluRs expressed by SCC hair cells may serve as a mechanism for the selective amplification of mechanically evoked transmitter release, thereby enhancing signal discrimination at the VHC-vestibular afferent synapse.(50) 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12395119&dopt=Abstract

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