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References: Hair growth and hair loss

Brain Res. 2000 Jul 21;871(2):319-32.
Cytoskeletal protein mRNA expression in the chick utricle after treatment in vitro with aminoglycoside antibiotics: effects of insulin, iron chelators and cyclic nucleotides.

Stacey DJ, McLean WG.

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, Liverpool, UK.

In birds, spontaneous recovery of the hair cells of the inner ear can occur after damage induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics. The factors that influence this recovery and the process of hair cell regeneration itself have until recently been investigated largely by morphological and histological methods. The aim of this work was to use a molecular biological approach to the analysis of hair cell regeneration by measuring the changes that occur in expression of mRNA for hair cell-specific cytoskeletal proteins fimbrin and class III beta-tubulin, along with that for beta-actin, in the utricle of chicks after hair cell damage both in vitro and in vivo. Utricles were removed from 1-day-old chicks and incubated with the aminoglycoside antibiotics gentamicin or neomycin (both 1 mM), or chicks were injected intraperitoneally with 100 mg/kg gentamicin or neomycin for 4 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment periods, total RNA was extracted from single utricles, reverse transcribed to cDNA and the cDNA amplified by PCR with primers for beta-actin, fimbrin and class III beta-tubulin. Co-amplification allowed quantitative comparison of mRNA between fimbrin, or class III beta-tubulin and beta-actin from the same utricle. Both aminoglycosides, either after 48 h in vitro or immediately after treatment in vivo, caused a significant decrease in the expression of fimbrin mRNA and class III beta-tubulin mRNA, relative to beta-actin mRNA, which itself increased. Light and electron microscopy confirmed that this corresponded to loss of, and damage to, hair cells. The relative expression of fimbrin and class III beta-tubulin mRNAs was partly restored almost to control levels 4 days after cessation of treatment in vivo and fully normalised by 4 weeks, by which time hair cells appeared normal. However, their relative expression remained depressed 4 days after removal of antibiotic in vitro. The iron chelator desferrioxamine (100 microM) in vitro prevented the aminoglycoside-induced reduction in relative expression of mRNA for both fimbrin and class III beta-tubulin. Neither insulin (5 microM) nor a combination of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (5 mM) and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX (0.5 mM) prevented the decrease in relative expression of the mRNAs for the hair cell-specific proteins, but both treatments allowed their partial recovery in vitro during the 4-day-period after removal of aminoglycoside. It is concluded that the cells of the sensory epithelium of the chick utricle subjected to aminoglycoside-induced damage undergo a process in which mRNA expression is switched away from the production of functional proteins and towards proteins necessary for structural re-organisation. The restoration of mRNA expression to a normal pattern is promoted by the growth factor insulin and by cyclic AMP.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10899298&dopt=Abstract

Ann Plast Surg. 1995 Apr;34(4):385-7.
The Mercedes incision in hair restoration.

Bernard SL, Smith JK.

Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15224, USA.

Standard technique for hair transplantation includes plug composite grafts placed in circular recipient defects of smaller diameter. The plugs can also be placed in slit incisions that are temporarily dilated to accommodate grafts. Two drawbacks of these techniques are the appearance of row cropping resulting from the regular pattern and compression of individual grafts caused by scar contracture. These drawbacks result in tufting and a "doll's head" appearance. The expansile Mercedes incision as described here camouflages these failings. Donor minigrafts are taken with a biopsy punch knife or as strips in a standard fashion. A Mercedes logo-shaped defect is then made at the recipient site using a no. 11 scalpel to create a three-armed stellate incision. The incisions are rapidly made with the axis oriented parallel to the direction of the native hair shafts. The graft is then pushed in flush with the skin. The triangulation eliminates compression of grafts because they are spread in three directions rather than squeezing in a tight circular or slit configuration. The use of the stellate incision along with altering its rotational orientation in a haphazard pattern also prevents row cropping. Thus, the Mercedes incision is quicker and yields an overall improved result.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7793784&dopt=Abstract

Mol Microbiol. 1993 Nov;10(3):597-605.
Restoration of attachment, virulence and nodulation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens chvB mutants by rhicadhesin.

Swart S, Smit G, Lugtenberg BJ, Kijne JW.

Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Leiden University, The Netherlands.

In contrast to wild-type Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains, beta-1,2-glucan-deficient chvB mutants were found to be unable to attach to pea root hair tips. The mutants appeared to produce rhicadhesin, the protein that mediates the first step in attachment of Rhizobiaceae cells to plant root hairs, but the protein was inactive. Both attachment to root hairs and virulence of the chvB mutants could be restored by treatment of the plants with active rhicadhesin, whereas treatment of plants with beta-1,2-glucan had no effect on attachment or virulence. Moreover, nodulation ability of a chvB mutant carrying a Sym plasmid could be restored by pretreatment of the host plant with rhicadhesin. Apparently the attachment-minus and avirulence phenotype of chvB mutants is caused by lack of active rhicadhesin, rather than directly being caused by a deficiency in beta-1,2-glucan synthesis. The results strongly suggest that rhicadhesin is essential for attachment and virulence of A. tumefaciens cells. They also indicate that the mechanisms of binding of Agrobacterium and Rhizobium bacteria to plant target cells are similar, despite differences between these target cells.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7968537&dopt=Abstract

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