References: Hair growth and hair loss
J Histochem Cytochem. 1998 Apr;46(4):437-47.
Human TIMP-3 is expressed during fetal development, hair growth cycle, and cancer progression.
Airola K, Ahonen M, Johansson N, Heikkila P, Kere J, Kahari VM, Saarialho-Kere UK.
Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
We studied the expression and regulation of TIMP-3, a recently cloned member of the tissue inhibitor of the metalloproteinase family, during human fetal development and in various human tissues, with emphasis on epithelial structures. Expression of TIMP-3 mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization in developing bone, kidney, and various mesenchymal structures. At 16 weeks of gestation, ectoderm-derived cells of hair germs expressed TIMP-3 mRNA, and beginning from the twentieth week consistent expression was detected in epithelial outer root sheath cells of growing hair follicles. In normal adult human skin, expression of TIMP-3 mRNA was limited to hair follicles, starting at the early anagen (growing) phase and vanishing at the catagen (regressing) phase. TIMP-3 mRNA was not detected in benign hair follicle-derived tumors but was present in tumor cells of infiltrative basal cell carcinomas and in surrounding stromal cells in squamous cell carcinomas. Human primary keratinocytes in culture expressed TIMP-3 mRNAs, the levels of which were upregulated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), whereas interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) had no effect. Our results suggest a role for TIMP-3 in connective tissue remodeling during fetal development, hair growth cycle, and cancer progression.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9524189&dopt=Abstract
koto.kpu-m.ac.jp
High sulfur proteins are cysteine-rich proteins synthesized during the differentiation of hair matrix cells, and form hair fibers in association with hair keratin intermediate filaments. Rat high sulfur protein B2 genes were isolated after screening of a rat genomic library using the cDNA as a probe. Sequence analysis of a 4 kb fragment revealed two high sulfur protein genes, B2E and B2F. Both genes lacked introns, with B2F being located at 2 kb downstream of B2E. The 5' flanking regions of both genes had TATA and CAAT boxes, and consensus sequences of B2 genes. The upstream region of B2F had possible AP-1 and Sp-1 binding elements. The high sulfur protein B2E and B2F, which have putative 188 and 122 amino acids, respectively, comprised four distinct domains with a characteristic repetitive sequence. In situ hybridization indicated that the mRNA of high sulfur protein B2 was specifically localized in the cortex of the hair shaft, and northern blot analysis indicated that the expression of B2 increased in anagen and decreased in telogen, suggesting that high sulfur protein B2 synthesized in cortical cells during anagen contributes to the production of hair fibers.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9524245&dopt=Abstract
Pigment Cell Res. 2000 Aug;13(4):260-72.
Plasticity of cadherin-catenin expression in the melanocyte lineage.
Jouneau A, Yu YQ, Pasdar M, Larue L.
Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, UMR 146 CNRS-Institut Curie, Orsay, France.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion receptors with strong morphoregulatory functions. To mediate functional adhesion, cadherins must interact with actin cytoskeleton. Catenins are cytoplasmic proteins that mediate the interactions between cadherins and the cytoskeleton. In addition to their role in cell-cell adhesion, catenins also participate in signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Cadherins and catenins appear to be involved in melanocyte development and transformation. Here, we investigated the function of cadherin-catenin complexes in the normal development and transformation of melanocytes by studying the patterns of expression of the cell-cell adhesion molecules, E-, N- and P-cadherin, and the expression of their cytoplasmic partners, alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin during murine development. Similar analyses were performed in vitro using murine melanoblast, melanocyte, and melanoma cell lines in the presence and absence of keratinocytes, the cells with which melanocytes interact in vivo. Overall, the results suggest that the expression of cadherins and catenins is very plastic and depends on their environment as well as the transformation status of the cells. This plasticity is important in fundamental cellular mechanisms associated with normal and pathological ontogenesis, as well as with tumorigenesis.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10952394&dopt=Abstract
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