References: Hair growth and hair loss
Plant Physiol. 1998 Feb 1;116(2):777-83.
Respiratory Elicitors from Rhizobium meliloti Affect Intact Alfalfa Roots
Volpin H, Phillips DA.
Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
Molecules produced by Rhizobium meliloti increase respiration of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots. Maximum respiratory increases, measured either as CO2 evolution or as O2 uptake, were elicited in roots of 3-d-old seedlings by 16 h of exposure to living or dead R. meliloti cells at densities of 10(7) bacteria/mL. Excising roots after exposure to bacteria and separating them into root-tip- and root-hair-containing segments showed that respiratory increases occurred only in the root-hair region. In such assays, CO2 production by segments with root hairs increased by as much as 100% in the presence of bacteria. Two partially purified compounds from R. meliloti 1021 increased root respiration at very low, possibly picomolar, concentrations. One factor, peak B, resembled known pathogenic elicitors because it produced a rapid (15-min), transitory increase in respiration. A second factor, peak D, was quite different because root respiration increased slowly for 8 h and was maintained at the higher level. These molecules differ from lipo-chitin oligosaccharides active in root nodulation for the following reasons: (a) they do not curl alfalfa root hairs, (b) they are synthesized by bacteria in the absence of known plant inducer molecules, and (c) they are produced by a mutant R. meliloti that does not synthesize known lipo-chitin oligosaccharides. The peak-D compound(s) may benefit both symbionts by increasing CO2, which is required for growth of R. meliloti, and possibly by increasing the energy that is available in the plant to form root nodules.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9490771&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Neuron. 1998 Feb;20(2):271-83.
Genetic analysis of vertebrate sensory hair cell mechanosensation: the zebrafish circler mutants.
Nicolson T, Rusch A, Friedrich RW, Granato M, Ruppersberg JP, Nusslein-Volhard C.
Max-Planck-Institut fur Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung Genetik, Tubingen, Federal Republic of Germany.
The molecular basis of sensory hair cell mechanotransduction is largely unknown. In order to identify genes that are essential for mechanosensory hair cell function, we characterized a group of recently isolated zebrafish motility mutants. These mutants are defective in balance and swim in circles but have no obvious morphological defects. We examined the mutants using calcium imaging of acoustic-vibrational and tactile escape responses, high resolution microscopy of sensory neuroepithelia in live larvae, and recordings of extracellular hair cell potentials (microphonics). Based on the analyses, we have identified several classes of genes. Mutations in sputnik and mariner affect hair bundle integrity. Mutant astronaut and cosmonaut hair cells have relatively normal microphonics and thus appear to affect events downstream of mechanotransduction. Mutant orbiter, mercury, and gemini larvae have normal hair cell morphology and yet do not respond to acoustic-vibrational stimuli. The microphonics of lateral line hair cells of orbiter, mercury, and gemini larvae are absent or strongly reduced. Therefore, these genes may encode components of the transduction apparatus.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9491988&dopt=Abstract
Oncol Res. 1997;9(9):495-503.
Interleukin-4 receptor expression in vivo on human AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.
Varricchio F, Husain SR, Leland P, Gill P, Puri RK.
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Rockville, MD, USA.
We have investigated the expression of interleukin-4 receptors (IL-4R) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) in situ by immunohistochemistry. Frozen and fixed sections from five patch stage and two nodular stage KS lesions were stained with anti-IL-4R monoclonal antibody with similar results. Skin biopsies from the clinically apparent lesions and adjacent clinically uninvolved skin were also examined. We observed that individual KS cells lining the irregular vascular spaces were stained with anti-IL-4R antibody, although the degree of staining was variable. The epithelioid and oval cells appear to stain more than the spindle cells in plaque stages or nodular lesions. The sections from nonclinically involved skin also contained a few cells with features of KS, singly or in clusters that also stained for IL-4R. Skin sections from four normal donors did not stain with IL-4R antibody except for hair follicles, sweat glands, and faint staining of blood vessels. KS sections were also stained with antibodies to basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), S100, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor. KS lesions from clinically involved and uninvolved skin sections were positive for all four antibodies. Thus, the differences between KS lesion and clinically uninvolved skin adjacent to a KS lesion may be more quantitative than qualitative. The IL-4 receptors on KS cells were functional as IL-4 modulated intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on these cells. Taken together, our results suggest that AIDS-KS cells express elevated levels of IL-4R compared to normal endothelial and skin cells and, thus, the receptors for IL-4 on KS may serve as an attractive target for anticancer therapy.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9495455&dopt=Abstract
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