References: Hair growth and hair loss
J Invest Dermatol. 2000 Aug;115(2):219-24.
Keratinocytes express the CD146 (Muc18/S-endo) antigen in tissue culture and during inflammatory skin diseases.
Weninger W, Rendl M, Mildner M, Mayer C, Ban J, Geusau A, Bayer G, Tanew A, Majdic O, Tschachler E.
Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Infectious Diseases, Division of Special and Environmental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Institute of Immunology, University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna, Austria.
The CD146 (or MUC18/MEL-CAM) antigen is a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Besides in melanoma, expression of CD146 antigen has been demonstrated in breast epithelia and hair follicles. We studied its expression by human keratinocytes in culture as well as in neoplastic and inflammatory skin diseases. Staining of primary cultured keratinocytes revealed expression of CD146 on the cell membrane, preferentially on cell-cell contact sites. Western blot analysis of keratinocytes detected a band of approximately 113 kDa, corresponding to the CD146 protein. In contrast to primary keratinocytes, neither CD146 protein nor mRNA expression was found in the keratinocyte-derived cell lines A431 and HaCaT. Treatment of keratinocytes with the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma, resulted in no change of CD146 expression and incubation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate led to a reduction of CD146 on keratinocytes. By contrast, when culturing keratinocytes in medium devoid of growth supplements, a distinct upregulation was observed as compared with culture in fully supplemented medium. In normal human epidermis expression of the CD146 antigen was not detectable. It was strongly upregulated, however, on suprabasal keratinocytes in psoriasis, in lichen planus, in the epidermis overlying skin neoplasms, and in viral warts. In squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell carcinomas only a minority of tumor cells expressed CD146. Our findings suggest that the CD146 antigen represents an activation marker of keratinocytes and may be involved in cutaneous inflammatory tissue reaction.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10951239&dopt=Abstract
J Comp Pathol. 1997 Oct;117(3):253-9.
Experimental inoculation of mice with trypsin-resistant and trypsin-sensitive avian reoviruses.
al-Afaleq AI, Savage CE, Johnson CP, Jones RC.
Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, UK.
Groups of sucking Swiss albino mice were inoculated by the intracerebral (i.c.), intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral route with a trypsin-sensitive avian reovirus (TR1) or a trypsin-resistant (R2) reovirus. The viruses caused a number of effects, the most severe occurring after i.c. inoculation and the least after oral inoculation. They included incoordination and tremors, oiliness of the hair, and retarded growth. Patterns of viral persistence in tissues were similar for the two viruses, with high titres in the brain on days 3 and 6 after i.c. or i.p. injection. Both viruses were still present in the brain 21 days after i.c. injection. No virus was found in any tissue when TR1 was given orally. All groups "seroconverted" except the one infected orally with TR1, but neutralization titres were low. The effects resembled those described for mammalian reoviruses in mice. The results indicate that, for short periods, wild mice may be capable of transmitting avian reoviruses between poultry flocks. Furthermore, in the production of monoclonal antibodies to avian reoviruses in mice, it is possible that pathological changes will occur.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9447485&dopt=Abstract
Aust N Z J Med. 1997 Aug;27(4):385-90.
Hyperprolactinaemia in males: a heterogeneous disorder.
Walsh JP, Pullan PT.
Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Vic.
BACKGROUND: The literature suggests that men with prolactinomas typically present with pressure effects of large pituitary tumours and/or the clinical features of hypogonadism. A definitive study of the clinical features of hyperprolactinaemia in males is, however, lacking AIMS: To identity the clinical, biochemical and radiological features of hyperprolactinaemia in males. METHODS: Retrospective review of the case notes of 53 adult males with prolactinoma or idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia diagnosed 1980-1995. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 41 years (range 19-75). The presenting symptom was endocrine in nature in 57% of patients (loss of libido/potency 47%, gynaecomastia 6%, galactorrhoea 2%, sparse beard growth 2%), pressure effects of pituitary tumour in 28% (headache 13%, visual loss 13%, diplopia 2%), while 15% of patients presented incidentally. On physical examination, galactorrhoea was present in 8% of patients, gynaecomastia in 23% and abnormally sparse body hair in 21%. Testicular volume was normal (> or = 15 mL) in all but two patients, both of whom had evidence of delayed pubertal development. Visual loss was present in 17% of patients. Serum prolactin ranged from 800 to 1.7 million mU/L (median 20,000 mU/L, reference range < 500), and serum testosterone from 0.7 to 19.3 nmol/L (mean 7.8 nmol/L, reference range ten-35). Pituitary imaging by computed tomography (45%) or magnetic resonance imaging (55%) demonstrated macroadenomas in 70% of patients, microadenomas in 15%, and no detectable tumour in 15% of subjects. On bromocriptine treatment (47 subjects), 89% of patients reported improved sexual function. Follow up imaging in 36 patients with abnormal scans at presentation revealed tumour shrinkage in 89% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperprolactinaemia in males is a heterogeneous disorder. The majority of patients have prolactin-secreting macroadenomas, but there is wide variation in presenting symptoms, physical signs and results of biochemical and imaging investigations. Bromocriptine treatment is associated with symptomatic improvement and a reduction in tumour size in most cases.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9448878&dopt=Abstract
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