References: Hair growth and hair loss
Vet Res Commun. 1997 Nov;21(8):541-6.
Studies on 'zinc deficiency syndrome' in black bengal goats (Capra hircus) fed with fodder (Andropogon gayanus) grown on soil treated with an excess of calcium and phosphorus fertilizer.
Ray SK, Roychoudhury R, Bandopadhyay SK, Basu S.
Department of Animal Gynaecology and Obstetrics, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Calcutta, India.
Overliming and excessive application of superphosphate caused a zinc deficiency in the soil and so reduced the uptake of zinc by fodder plants. Bucks reared on such fodder had significantly (p < 0.01) less zinc in their hair compared with controls and suffered from 'conditioned zinc deficiency syndrome' with a significant (p < 0.01) loss of body weight, stunted growth, alopecia, lethargy, abnormal (kyphotic) gait, anorexia, digestive and respiratory problems. Oral supplementation with zinc sulphate very rapidly improved these conditions to near normality. Histological examination of samples of skin and testis from the zinc-deficient bucks revealed formation of excessive keratin, retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum and reduction in the width of the stratum granulosum in the skin, while samples of testis indicated degenerative changes, including atrophy of the seminiferous tubules, hyperplasia of the germinal epithelium and thickening of the walls of blood vessels.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9444077&dopt=Abstract
vthrc.uq.edu.au
Messenger RNAs coding for growth factors and receptor tyrosine kinases were measured by quantitative competitive and by semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in whole and dissected chick inner ears. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 1 chick embryonic kinase (CEK) 1 was expressed in all structures examined (otocyst, hatchling whole cochlea, cochlear nerve ganglion, and cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelia), although slightly more heavily in the otocyst. The related fibroblast growth factor receptors CEK 2 and 3 were preferentially expressed in the nerve ganglion and in the vestibular sensory epithelium, respectively. FGF1 mRNA was low in early development, increasing to mature levels at around embryonic age 11 days, while FGF2 mRNA was expressed at constant levels at all ages. In response to ototoxic damage, FGF1 mRNA levels were increased in the early damaged cochlear sensory epithelium. Immunohistochemistry for CEK1 showed that normal hair cells expressed the receptor heavily on the hair cell stereocilia, while with early damage, CEK1 came to be expressed heavily on the apical surfaces of the supporting cells. In normal chicks, the CEK4 and CEK8 eph-class receptor tyrosine kinases were expressed relatively heavily by the cochlear nerve ganglion, and CEK10 was expressed relatively heavily by the cochlear hair cell sensory epithelium. The results suggest that the FGF system may be involved in the response of the cochlear epithelium to ototoxic damage. The eph-class receptor tyrosine kinase CEK10 may be involved in cell interactions in the cochlear sensory epithelium, while CEK4 and CEK8 may play a role in the cochlear innervation.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9445085&dopt=Abstract
Sabouraudia. 1979 Jun;17(2):91-106.
Control of exocellular proteases in dermatophytes and especially Trichophyton rubrum.
Meevootisom V, Niederpruem DJ.
The production of proteases was investigated during growth of dermatophytic fungi with special emphasis on Trichophyton rubrum. Exogenous glucose suppressed elastase production in all dermatophytes examined. The production of protease active guinea pig hair in keratin-salts broth by Microsporum gypseum. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum was also suppressed by glucose. Various carbohydrates added to keratin-salts broth curtailed protease production by T. rubrum as did individual amino acids but ammonium phosphate did not. Enzyme activities against guinea pig hair were compared in twenty-one diverse clinical isolates of T. rubrum cultured in keratin-salts broth. Activity also occurred towards casein, bovine serum albumin, keratin, collagen and elastin after keratin-growth. Studies concerning the properties of enzyme activities in culture filtrates of T. rubrum after keratin-growth suggested that multiple proteases occurred here. Hydrolysis of guinea pig hair and elastin were optimal at pH7 while keratinase was most active at alkaline pH. Divalent cations stimulated protease(s). Ferric ion and mercuric ion stimulated keratinase but were inhibitory to guinea pig hair hydrolysis and elastase. Chelating agents inhibited elastase and the hydrolysis of guinea pig hair more severely than keratinase and all of those effects were reversed by excess calcium. A serine-protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), curtailed keratinase but was less inhibitory to elastase and guinea pig hair hydrolysis. Soybean trypsin inhibitor arrested each protease.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=94467&dopt=Abstract
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