References: Hair growth and hair loss
itsa.ucsf.edu
Cochlear pathology resulting from neonatal administration of the aminoglycoside antibiotic, neomycin sulfate, was studied in young kittens at 15-24 days postnatal. Hearing thresholds showed severe to profound hearing loss in all but one animal. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that initial hair cell degeneration occurred in the extreme base (hook region) of the cochlea and sequentially progressed to the basal, middle, then the apical coil of the cochlea. The first row of outer hair cells degenerated first, followed by row 2, then row 3; the last cells to degenerate in a given region were the inner hair cells. This pattern of hair cell degeneration is similar to that seen in adults with neomycin ototoxicity. In contrast, the spiral ganglion exhibited a different pattern of degeneration with initial cell loss occurring in the middle of the cochlea, about 40-60% from the base (approximately 2.8-8 kHz). Thus, neuronal degeneration apparently is not secondary to sensory cell loss, but rather comprises an independent process in these neonatal animals. Taken together, the findings suggest that the spiral ganglion cell loss in the middle cochlear turn results from increased aminoglycoside sensitivity associated with an earlier initial onset of function in these neurons as compared to other cochlear regions.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9387991&dopt=Abstract
bprb.nci.nih.gov
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide involved in a variety of physiological functions, including growth regulation and antimicrobial activity. We have determined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization that AM and its receptor are present in all the epithelial cells of the normal skin, including keratinocytes of the epidermis and hair follicles, as well as cells of the glands and secretory ducts. We also have detected AM in the sweat, by RIA. In addition, AM and its receptor were found in skin tumors of different histologies. The presence of AM and its receptor in normal and neoplastic skin was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis performed on cell extracts from human skin cell lines. Radiolabeled AM bound to specific sites in cultured cells with a Kd of 9 nM. This binding was blocked by the addition of cold AM but not by related peptides such as AM 22-52, pro-AM 20 N-terminal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide 8-37, or amylin. Finally, exposure to synthetic AM resulted in an increase of thymidine intake by skin cells. These results implicate AM as a potential player in skin defense against infectious microorganisms and as a possible autocrine growth factor in normal skin physiology and tumor development.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9389548&dopt=Abstract
pop.nidcd.nih.gov
A mature inner ear is a complex labyrinth containing multiple sensory organs and nonsensory structures in a fixed configuration. Any perturbation in the structure of the labyrinth will undoubtedly lead to functional deficits. Therefore, it is important to understand molecularly how and when the position of each inner ear component is determined during development. To address this issue, each axis of the otocyst (embryonic day 2.5, E2.5, stage 16-17) was changed systematically at an age when axial information of the inner ear is predicted to be fixed based on gene expression patterns. Transplanted inner ears were analyzed at E4.5 for gene expression of BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein), SOHo-1 (sensory organ homeobox-1), Otx1 (cognate of Drosophila orthodenticle gene), p75NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor) and Msx1 (muscle segment homeobox), or at E9 for their gross anatomy and sensory organ formation. Our results showed that axial specification in the chick inner ear occurs later than expected and patterning of sensory organs in the inner ear was first specified along the anterior/posterior (A/P) axis, followed by the dorsal/ventral (D/V) axis. Whereas the A/P axis of the sensory organs was fixed at the time of transplantation, the A/P axis for most non-sensory structures was not and was able to be re-specified according to the new axial information from the host. The D/V axis for the inner ear was not fixed at the time of transplantation. The asynchronous specification of the A/P and D/V axes of the chick inner ear suggests that sensory organ formation is a multi-step phenomenon, rather than a single inductive event.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9389659&dopt=Abstract
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