References: Hair growth and hair loss
Development. 2002 Jul;129(14):3523-32.
Hearing loss caused by progressive degeneration of cochlear hair cells in mice deficient for the Barhl1 homeobox gene.
Li S, Price SM, Cahill H, Ryugo DK, Shen MM, Xiang M.
Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
The cochlea of the mammalian inner ear contains three rows of outer hair cells and a single row of inner hair cells. These hair cell receptors reside in the organ of Corti and function to transduce mechanical stimuli into electrical signals that mediate hearing. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of these delicate sensory hair cells are unknown. We report that targeted disruption of Barhl1, a mouse homolog of the Drosophila BarH homeobox genes, results in severe to profound hearing loss, providing a unique model for the study of age-related human deafness disorders. Barhl1 is expressed in all sensory hair cells during inner ear development, 2 days after the onset of hair cell generation. Loss of Barhl1 function in mice results in age-related progressive degeneration of both outer and inner hair cells in the organ of Corti, following two reciprocal longitudinal gradients. Our data together indicate an essential role for Barhl1 in the long-term maintenance of cochlear hair cells, but not in the determination or differentiation of these cells.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12091321&dopt=Abstract
EMBO J. 2002 Jul 1;21(13):3296-306.
Involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase SIMK in regulation of root hair tip growth.
Samaj J, Ovecka M, Hlavacka A, Lecourieux F, Meskiene I, Lichtscheidl I, Lenart P, Salaj J, Volkmann D, Bogre L, Baluska F, Hirt H.
Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Dr Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in stress signaling to the actin cytoskeleton in yeast and animals. We have analyzed the function of the stress-activated alfalfa MAP kinase SIMK in root hairs. In epidermal cells, SIMK is predominantly nuclear. During root hair formation, SIMK was activated and redistributed from the nucleus into growing tips of root hairs possessing dense F-actin meshworks. Actin depolymerization by latrunculin B resulted in SIMK relocation to the nucleus. Conversely, upon actin stabilization with jasplakinolide, SIMK co-localized with thick actin cables in the cytoplasm. Importantly, latrunculin B and jasplakinolide were both found to activate SIMK in a root-derived cell culture. Loss of tip-focused SIMK and actin was induced by the MAPK kinase inhibitor UO 126 and resulted in aberrant root hairs. UO 126 inhibited targeted vesicle trafficking and polarized growth of root hairs. In contrast, overexpression of gain-of-function SIMK induced rapid tip growth of root hairs and could bypass growth inhibition by UO 126. These data indicate that SIMK plays a crucial role in root hair tip growth.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12093731&dopt=Abstract
Tohoku J Exp Med. 1975 Oct;117(2):153-65.
Effects of isolation on mice in relation to age and sex.
Takemoto TI, Suzuki T, Miyama T.
Isolated-housing conditions (a single mouse in cage) have been reported to induce various changes in physiological and behavioral characters of mice comparing with collective-housing conditions. However, the effect of age and sex has not been studied in detail. In this report, the young (8 or 11 weeks old) and the mature (29 weeks old for male and 32 weeks for female) of both sexes were comparatively studied on the response to isolation. The duration of isolation was 12-13 weeks. Significant differences were seen in body weight, weights of fur and interscapular adipose tissue, and weight of adrenals in male, and the difference in weight of adrenals was more outstanding in the young than in the mature. In female, only weight of ovaries differed significantly between the isolation and the collective groups, and the difference prevailed in the young than in the mature. The heavy body weight with fat deposition and small adrenals in the isolated male is not consistent with the results on the isolated male rat (Hatch et al. 1965). Small ovary in the isolated female is a similar finding to reports on mice (Weltman et al. 1962) and on rats (Hatch et al. 1965).
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1209605&dopt=Abstract
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