References: Hair growth and hair loss
Arch Facial Plast Surg. 1999 Oct-Dec;1(4):266-71.
Evaluation of past and present hair replacement techniques. Aesthetic improvement, effectiveness, postoperative pain, and complications.
Adler SC, Rousso D.
Adler Facial Plastic Surgery, Stuart, Fla., USA.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare past and present hair replacement techniques of standard grafts, minigrafts, micrografts, scalp reduction, scalp flaps, strip harvesting, and punch harvesting procedures with regard to aesthetic improvement, effectiveness, postoperative pain, and complications. DESIGN: Three hundred surveys were mailed randomly to patients who had undergone hair replacement over the last 3 decades. The questionnaire asked patients to rate the level of postoperative results and complications in several comparison groups with regard to the following factors: itching, pain, swelling, scarring, bleeding, altered sensation, poor growth, color and texture, infection, hairline, and natural appearance. Each factor was rated by the patients on a scale of 0 to 3 (0, none [best]; 1, minimal; 2, moderate; and 3, worst [severe]). SETTING: Private facial plastic surgery practice. METHODS: A hypothesis about each set of survey questions was formed based on general trends in patient responses, also known as the null hypothesis; chi 2 tests were conducted for each of the survey questions to determine the statistical trend with a certain level of confidence. The weighted arithmetic mean of the expected response was used for the varying number of patients responding to each question. Using the chi 2 test, the formulated hypotheses can be accepted or rejected based on the observed and expected responses. RESULTS: Between 1981-1990 and 1991-1996, there was a reduction of 38 percentage points in the number of standard graft procedures performed, an increase of 31 percentage points in the number of minigraft procedures, and an increase of 48 percentage points in the number of micrograft procedures. The complication rate was 31% lower for minigraft procedures compared with standard graft procedures and 29% lower for micrograft procedures compared with minigraft procedures. The complication rate was 59% lower for strip harvesting procedures compared with punch harvesting procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Newer hair replacement techniques have improved aesthetic results, with lower morbidity and complication rates. These improvements are responsible for the increase in the level of satisfaction of patients undergoing hair replacement surgery today.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10937113&dopt=Abstract
Pflugers Arch. 1997 Nov;434(6):772-8.
Sodium current expression during postnatal development of rat outer hair cells.
Oliver D, Plinkert P, Zenner HP, Ruppersberg JP.
Section of Sensory Biophysics, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tubingen, Rontgenweg 11, Germany.
Outer hair cells of the cultured organ of Corti from newborn rats (0-11 days after birth) were studied in the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. A voltage-activated sodium current was detected in 97% (n = 109) of the cells at 0-9 days after birth. The properties of this current were: (1) its activation and inactivation kinetics were fast and voltage-dependent, (2) the voltage at half-maximum activation was -45.0 mV, (3) its steady-state inactivation was temperature-sensitive (the half-inactivating voltage was -92.6 mV at 23 degrees C and -84.8 mV at 37 degrees C), (4) the reversal potential (80 mV) was close to the sodium equilibrium potential and currents could be abolished by the removal of extracellular sodium, and (5) tetrodotoxin blocked the current with a Kd of 474 nmol/l. Current amplitudes were up to 1.7 nA at room temperature. Mean current amplitudes showed a developmental time course with a maximum at postnatal days 3 and 7 for outer hair cells from the basal and apical part of the cochlea, respectively. In current-clamp mode cells had membrane potentials of -59.7 +/- 11.7 mV (n = 9). When cells were hyperpolarized by constant current injection, depolarizing currents were able to trigger action potentials. At 18 days after birth, sodium currents were greatly reduced and barely detectable. The results show that, unlike adult outer hair cells, immature outer hair cells regularly express voltage-gated sodium channels. However, due to mismatching of the sodium current inactivation range and membrane potential in vitro, a physiological function appears questionable.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9306011&dopt=Abstract
J Neurocytol. 1997 Jul;26(7):501-9.
Expression of neurite outgrowth factor and gicerin during inner ear development and hair cell regeneration in the chick.
Kajikawa H, Umemoto M, Taira E, Miki N, Mishiro Y, Kubo T, Yoneda Y.
Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.
Several cell adhesion molecules are expressed in the developing inner ear. The present study focused on gicerin, a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, in an attempt to improve our understanding of the development and regeneration of chick inner ear. Gicerin is known to homophilically interact with itself and to bind to neurite outgrowth factor (NOF). The data collected herein show that gicerin is highly expressed in auditory epithelium and acoustic ganglion during early embryogenesis. The immunoreactivity of gicerin in the auditory epithelium decreases more rapidly than that in the acoustic ganglion as the mature hair cells become distinguishable. At the post-hatch stage, the expression of gicerin is not observed. In contrast, NOF was expressed on the basement membranes around the auditory epithelium, and in the acoustic ganglion during development and after birth, but not in the auditory epithelium. Following noise damage, gicerin is transiently re-expressed on the damage receptor epithelium when active cell proliferation is observed in the epithelium. This positive reaction immediately disappears as immature short hair cells appear. These results suggest that gicerin may be associated with cell proliferation in the auditory epithelium, and play a role in neurite extension of the acoustic ganglion cells in conjunction with NOF.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9306248&dopt=Abstract
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