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References: Hair growth and hair loss

Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997 Jul;100(1):23-31.
Regional differences of dura osteoinduction: squamous dura induces osteogenesis, sutural dura induces chondrogenesis and osteogenesis.

Yu JC, McClintock JS, Gannon F, Gao XX, Mobasser JP, Sharawy M.

Division of Plastic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-4080, USA.

Dura plays an important role in calvarial morphogenesis. However, precisely what that role is remains unclear. We present here in vivo evidence that dura without other central nervous system components induces both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. The mechanism is, at least in part, by proximate tissue interaction. The objectives of this experiment were to answer the following: (1) Can dura actually induce osteogenesis without the influence of the underlying brain? (2) What are the requirements of this dura-induced heterotopic osteogenesis? (3) What are the differences between dura underlying sutures and dura underlying the squamous portions of the cranial bones? Dura underlying the metopic, sagittal, and lambdoidal sutures and dura underlying the flat portions of frontal and parietal bones were obtained from neonatal Lewis rats and transplanted into the posterior thoraces of adult Lewis recipients. In group I, dura underlying the metopic, sagittal, and lambdoidal sutures (n = 20) and dura underlying the flat portions of frontal and parietal bones (n = 20) were transplanted individually into separate epitheliomesenchymal pockets. Group II animals had dura underlying the metopic, sagittal, and lambdoidal sutures (n = 10) and dura underlying the flat portions of frontal and parietal bones (n = 10) transplanted individually into surgically created mesenchymal pockets by placing the dura grafts between panniculus carnosus and latissimus dorsi muscles. The animals were sacrificed at 2-week intervals. Light microscopy, special histochemical analysis, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy were performed. Bone formation was seen in 15 of the 18 animals (83 percent) in group I. No bone or cartilage formation was seen in group II. Chondrogenesis was seen in 4 animals receiving dura underlying the metopic, sagittal, and lambdoidal sutures in group I. Cellular hyperproliferation was seen at 2 weeks when dura was transplanted close to the hair follicles. These cells had a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and were positive for transforming growth factor beta. This hyperproliferation was followed by production and accumulation of Alcian blue-positive extracellular matrix that resisted digestion by hyaluronidase. Cellularly active cartilage was seen at 6 weeks. There was no chondrogenesis in animals receiving dura underlying the flat portions of frontal and parietal bones in group I. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of proteoglycan-like ground substance and type II collagen in the inner layer of sutural dura and the predominance of dense type I collagen in the squamous dura and the external layer of the sutural dura. The important findings of this experiment are that (1) heterotopically transplanted neonatal dura can induce osteogenesis, (2) this heterotopic osteoinduction by dura requires epitheliomesenchymal interaction, and (3) separating dura into sutural dura and squamous dura, chondrogenesis occasionally occurred in addition to osteogenesis with the former, while only membranous ossification occurred with the latter, indicating intrinsic differences within the dura mater. This dural heterogeneity is supported by direct ultrastructural data.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9207655&dopt=Abstract

J Med Primatol. 1996 Dec;25(6):404-13.
Characterization of dermatologic changes in geriatric rhesus macaques.

Huneke RB, Foltz CJ, VandeWoude S, Mandrell TD, Garman RH.

Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Nonhuman primates are frequently used for aging studies. We observed a high prevalence of skin disease among a group of geriatric rhesus monkeys (mean age = 25 years; n = 9) used in aging behavioral studies. Gross and histopathologic changes in the skin of these geriatric rhesus were compared with skin from control adult monkeys (mean age = 10; n = 4) and sun-exposed monkeys (mean age = 11; n = 4) to characterize age-related skin changes. Biopsy specimens were taken from four specified skin locations (lateral to bridge of nose, ventral midline, dorsal midline, perineal area) and from additional areas where skin lesions were present. Samples were routinely processed and evaluated by light microscopy. Blood samples were collected and tested for estrogen, thyroid-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine thyroxine, and cortisol levels. The axilla was swabbed and samples were obtained for bacterial culturing. All nine of the geriatric monkeys had notable dermal lesions, while one of the control monkeys and one of the sun-exposed monkeys had abnormal findings. Major gross findings included increased areas of erythematous skin, wrinkling, focal skin scaling, thinning of hair, foot calluses, and exudative lesions. Histologic skin changes included subacute dermatitis, acanthotic dermatitis, and a lesion resembling an early solar lentigo in the sun-exposed animal. These changes were not associated with hormonal abnormalities or bacterial pathogens. Histologic changes are compatible with nonspecific skin changes observed in elderly humans. This study establishes a baseline of dermatologic changes of the aging rhesus macaque.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9210025&dopt=Abstract

ensam.inra.fr

The root hair elongative growth phase ("tip growth"), like that of other tip-growing systems such as pollen tubes, algal rhizoids, and fungal hyphae, is associated with an apex-high cytosolic free calcium ([Ca(2+)](c)) gradient generated by a local Ca(2+) influx at the tip. This gradient has been shown to be a fundamental regulator of tip growth. Here, we have performed patch-clamp experiments at root hair apices of Arabidopsis thaliana (after localized cell wall laser ablation) to characterize the plasma membrane Ca(2+) channels implicated in the tip Ca(2+) influx. We have identified a hyperpolarization-activated Ca(2+) conductance. This conductance is selective for Ca(2+) over K(+) and Cl(-) (P(Ca)/P(K) = 15; P(Ca)/P(Cl) = 25) and is fully blocked by < 100-microM trivalent cations (La(3+), Al(3+), Gd(3+)). The selectivity sequence among divalent cations (determined by comparisons of the channel unitary conductance) is Ba(2+) > Ca(2+) (22 pS in 10 mM) approximately Mg(2+) > Mn(2+). This conductance was operative at typical growing hair apical resting membrane potentials. Moreover, it was seen to be down-regulated in growing hair subapical regions, as well as at the tip of mature hairs (known not to exhibit Ca(2+) influx). We therefore propose that this inward-rectifying Ca(2+) conductance is inherently involved in the apical Ca(2+) influx of growing hairs. The observed enhancement of the conductance by increased [Ca(2+)](c) may form part of a positive feedback system for continued apical Ca(2+) influx during tip growth.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10920194&dopt=Abstract

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