References: Hair growth and hair loss
Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Jul 15;152(2):112-9.
Cocaine use during pregnancy and intrauterine growth retardation: new insights based on maternal hair tests.
Kuhn L, Kline J, Ng S, Levin B, Susser M.
Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Prenatal cocaine use is more accurately measured by maternal hair assay than by urine toxicology screening or self-report. To investigate the consequences of improved measurement, the authors ascertained cocaine use during pregnancy by maternal hair test, urine test, and self-report in a sample of 691 patients recruited from one New York City hospital in 1990-1992. Associations with intrauterine growth retardation, head circumference, and length of gestation were investigated. A positive hair test at delivery was not more strongly associated with birth weight (-38.1 g; 95% CI: -164, 88.3) or head circumference (-1.73 mm; 95% CI: -5.91, 2.44) than a positive urine test at delivery (-182 g (95% CI: -295, -69.8) and -6.11 mm (95% CI: -9.99, -2.24), respectively). Cocaine concentration in hair (which was higher if urine tests were positive) had a dose-response relationship with birth weight: a 27-g decrease (95% CI: -51.9, -1.04) with each log-unit increase in concentration. Birth weights were similar among infants of never users and infants of users who stopped using cocaine before delivery. Heavier use of cocaine, but not lighter use, was associated with intrauterine growth retardation, and exposure in late pregnancy was necessary to the association. Although maternal hair tests were instrumental in clarifying these relations, their clinical use is probably not warranted.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10909947&dopt=Abstract
Mech Ageing Dev. 1996 Dec 20;92(2-3):83-99.
Nuclear (DNA, RNA, histone and non-histone protein) and nucleolar changes during growth and senescence of may apple leaves.
Bhattacharya PK, Pappelis AJ, Lee SC, BeMiller JN, Karagiannis CS.
Department of Biology, Indiana University Northwest, Gary 46408, USA.
Quantitative interference microscopy was used to determine changes in nuclear and nucleolar indices (dry mass and cross-sectional area) in upper and lower epidermal cells and adjacent leaf-margin hair cells of the May apple (Podophyllum peltatum L.) leaves over a 42-day period (after leaves emerged above the ground litter). These indices decreased in a highly correlated manner. A ploidy variation may exist between epidermal cells and leaf-margin hair cells. Using the leaf-margin hair cells model, six nuclear macromolecule indices (total nucleic acid, DNA, RNA, total nuclear protein, histone and non-histone protein), nuclear volume, nucleolar volume and perinucleolar volume (measured using quantitative epifluorescence-phase contrast microscopy) all declined with age (42-day study) in a highly correlated manner. The degeneration of the nucleus and nucleolus in the three leaf locations studied followed the patterns observed for programmed cellular senescence and death (necrosis) in epidermal cells of onion leaf bases (stored tissue; leaf bases did not contain chlorophyll) and human epithelial cells (buccal; cervical). We conclude that the epidermal cells and leaf-margin hair cells from green leaves of the May Apple are ideal for the study of programmed cell senescence and death in plants, especially for the partitioning of this process into the study of: the point-of-no-return (solubilization of the karyoskeleton and loss of non-histone proteins and RNA associated with the karyoskeleton from the nucleus); nuclear pycnosis (loss of nuclear dry mass and volume and loss of nuclear internal support structure); chromatin condensation, margination along the inner nuclear envelope; and DNA-histone degeneration; degeneration of the nucleolus and loss of the perinucleolar zone of exclusion. The characterization of chlorenchyma cells during the 42-day period should now be undertaken (leaf senescence as indicated by the beginning of yellowing about 35 days after emergence) to determine whether these cells with functional chloroplasts undergo nuclear changes like those lacking functional chloroplasts.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9080390&dopt=Abstract
J Nutr. 1997 Mar;127(3):494-501.
The minimum sodium requirement of growing kittens defined on the basis of plasma aldosterone concentration.
Yu S, Morris JG.
Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
The minimum sodium requirement of growing kittens was measured using a 6 x 6 Latin square design. Twelve specific-pathogen-free short-hair growing kittens (six males, six females) were fed casein and lactalbumin-based purified diets supplemented with various levels of sodium (NaCI). Using six growing kittens (four males, two females), a sodium depletion and repletion study was conducted to define the variables associated with sodium deficiency. Sodium-deficient kittens exhibited anorexia, impaired growth, polydypsia, polyuria, hemoconcentration, reduced urinary sodium output and specific gravity, and elevated aldosterone concentration in plasma and output in urine. Plasma sodium concentration was not affected by dietary sodium intake. Urinary sodium output was positively related to (r = 0.818, P < 0.001), but fecal sodium loss was independent of sodium intake. These results suggest that sodium balance in kittens is essentially regulated by renal excretion. The recommended minimum sodium requirement of kittens for growth is 1.6 g Na/kg diet (energy density, 22 kJ ME/g diet), or 0.07 mg Na/kJ ME, or 34 mg Na x kg body wt(-1) x d(-1). A sodium requirement of adult cats for maintenance was estimated to be 21 mg Na x kg body wt(-1) x d(-1). These requirements are considerably greater than those recommended by the National Research Council in 1986.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9082036&dopt=Abstract
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