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References: Laxative

temp/constipation-11.matches:

Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1992;420(2):171-7.
Epidemiology of congenital innervation defects of the distal colon.

Meier-Ruge W.

Institut fur Pathologie, Abteilung fur Neuropathologie, Basel, Switzerland.

Congenital colorectal innervation defects were evaluated by studying 3699 colonic mucosal biopsy specimens obtained from 773 patients over a 5-year period (1986-1991). In 358 cases (46.3%) a classifiable defect was present, with aganglionosis in 187 of these patients (52.2%) and hypoganglionosis of the colon in 18 (5.0%). Hypoplastic or aplastic sympathetic innervation (type-A neuronal intestinal dysplasia was found in 2.2% (n = 8) and dysplasia of the parasympathetic submucous plexus (type-B neuronal intestinal dysplasia) in 40.6% (n = 145) of the patients with classifiable defects. Identification of a specific innervation defect was not possible in 229 of the 773 patients (29.6%), 28% of whom exhibited slight dysplasia and 30% immaturity or hypogenesis of the submucous plexus. In 40% of the unclassifiable cases heterotopic nerve cells were found in the muscularis mucosae and/or lamina propria mucosae, while 2% had severe heterotopia with the cells of the myenteric plexus completely displaced into the circular and/or longitudinal muscle layers. These patients generally suffered from severe chronic constipation requiring surgical intervention. Four congenital innervation defects of the colorectum can thus be clearly differentiated at present: aganglionosis (in its various forms), hypoganglionosis, type-A neuronal intestinal dysplasia, and type-B neuronal intestinal dysplasia.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1549906&dopt=Abstract

temp/constipation-1.matches:bradford.ac.uk

5-HT(3)-receptor antagonists are highly selective competitive inhibitors of the 5-HT(3)-receptor with negligible affinity for other receptors. They are potent, rapidly absorbed and easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier; metabolized by the cytochrome P450-system with half-lifes varying from 3-10 hours. The compounds investigated so far do not modify normal behaviour in animals or man and are well tolerated over wide dose ranges, the most common side effects being headache or constipation. Clinical efficacy was first established in chemotherapy-induced emesis (and then in radiotherapy-induced and post-operative emesis), where 5-HT(3)-receptor antagonists set a new standard of antiemetic efficacy and tolerability. The 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists, via a central and / or peripheral action, have been shown to reduce secretion and motility in the gut and possess clinical utility in irritable bowel syndrome, and possibly other visceral pain disorders. Their value in fibromyalgia is being evaluated. In preclinical behavioural assays they induce effects consistent with anxiolysis, improved cognition, anti-dopaminergic activity and use in drug abuse and withdrawal. There is some evidence that ondansetron may reduce alcohol consumption in moderate alcohol abusers but overall, 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists seem to be of limited use in psychiatric disorders: where effects have been seen, they seem to be unusually sensitive to dose and stage of disease. Nevertheless, their antiemetic potential has been of great benefit to cancer patients and the possible extension of their use to bowel disorders may yet fulfil their initial exciting promise.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14965242&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

temp/constipation-1.matches:

J Pediatr Surg. 2004 Feb;39(2):166-9; discussion 166-9.
Colonic transit time--what is normal?

Wagener S, Shankar KR, Turnock RR, Lamont GL, Baillie CT.

Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool England, UK.

BACKGROUND: Constipation is a common problem in childhood, and various radiologic methods have been advocated for investigation. Colonic transit time (CTT) has been used in adults to investigate colonic motility, but few studies evaluate this method in children. Data on CTT in the normal paediatric population are scarce. METHODS: The colonic transit time was measured in 22 healthy children (median age, 10 years; range, 4 to 15 years) by Abrahamsson's method. Children took bolus ingestions of radiopaque markers on 6 consecutive days, and on day 7 a single abdominal x-ray was performed. This was evaluated for total and segmental colonic transit time. RESULTS: The mean total CTT was 40 hours, and the upper limit of normal (95th percentile) was 84 hours. The upper limit of normal for segmental transit time was as follows: 14 hours for the ascending, 33 hours for the transverse, 21 hours for the descending, and 41 hours for the rectosigmoid colon. CONCLUSIONS: CTT provides an objective measure to assess childhood constipation. To date, 6 studies using 5 different methods have been published reporting values for healthy children. Comparing these, Abrahamson's method has low radiation exposure and is well tolerated. This study contributes additional normal values in children.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14966733&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

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