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J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Nov;58(11):1257-62.
Facial nerve repair with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and collagen conduits: an experimental study in the rabbit.
Vasconcelos BC, Gay-Escoda C.
University of Pernambuco Dental School, Recife, Brazil.
PURPOSE: This study evaluated autogenous nerve grafts and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) and collagen tubes as conduits for the repair of continuity defects in the facial nerve of rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The buccal division of 24 facial nerves was isolated, transected, and separated 10 mm. The gap between the 2 nerve ends was then repaired with an autologous nerve graft or an e-PTFE or collagen conduit. Fifteen days and 1, 2, and 4 months after the procedure, the animals were subjected to electrophysiologic tests, killed, and the nerves were removed for histologic examination. RESULTS: At 15 days postsurgery, no regeneration was observed through the e-PTFE and collagen tubes or across the autologous nerve grafts at the midpoint of the specimens. However, regeneration across the chambers and autologous nerve grafts was seen in the following 4 months, although the number of axons regenerated was small. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicate that e-PTFE and collagen tubing may be effective in the repair of continuity defects in peripheral nerves. However, further research will be necessary for generalization of this procedure.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11078137&dopt=Abstract
Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2000 Dec;100(6):665-72.
Capillary changes in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas of the aging rhesus monkey.
Keuker JI, Luiten PG, Fuchs E.
Division of Neurobiology, German Primate Center, Gottingen, Germany. jkeukeww.dpz.gwdg.de
The rhesus monkey is considered a useful animal model for studying human aging, because non-human primates show many of the neurobiological alterations that have been reported in aging humans. Cognitive impairment that accompanies normal aging may, at least partially, originate from capillary changes in the hippocampus, known to be involved in learning and memory. Age-related effects on the cerebral capillaries in the non-human primate hippocampus have not yet been studied. Therefore, we investigated age-related microvascular changes in the hippocampus of the aged non-human primate. We examined by electron microscopy the microvascular ultrastructure in the CAI and CA3 areas of 14 male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), ranging from 1 to 31 years of age. The percentages of capillaries showing basement membrane thickening and deposits of collagen in the basement membrane were determined semiquantitatively in 4 young (1-6 years), 6 middle-aged (17-24 years), and 4 aged (29-31 years) monkeys. Aberrations in the basement membrane are few in young subjects (28 +/- 6% of capillaries), and occur with increasing frequency during the aging process in rhesus monkeys (aged animals: 71 +/- 5% of capillaries). This could be ascribed to an aging-associated increasing number of capillaries showing depositions of collagen fibrils, rather than local thickenings of the basement membrane. The observed changes in microvascular integrity are very similar to those seen in humans, supporting the view of rhesus monkeys as a model for human aging. The slow but steady progression of these changes could be detrimental for an efficient nutrient supply of the neuropil, and might therefore contribute to decreased cognitive functioning during normal aging.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11078218&dopt=Abstract
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000 Nov;36(5 Suppl 1):S255-9.
Enhanced expression of renal endothelin-converting enzyme-1 and endothelin-A-receptor mRNA in rats with interstitial fibrosis following ureter ligation.
Feldman DL, Mogelesky TC, Chou M, Jeng AY.
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Summit, NJ, USA. david.feldmaharma.novartis.com
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in many chronic renal glomerular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the levels of mRNA expression of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) and endothelin-A- and -B- (ET(A) and ET(B)) receptors are altered during the progression of interstitial fibrosis following ureter ligation. Rats were subjected to left ureter ligation or a sham operation and euthanized 5 days afterward. Kidneys were fixed in Carnoy's fixative, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned for assessment of interstitial fibrosis by staining for collagen III using immunofluorescence techniques. The area occupied by collagen staining was quantified by image analysis. Kidneys from obstructed rats showed a 54% increase in the area occupied by collagen III staining compared to the contralateral kidney, and an 89% increase compared to sham-operated kidneys. The mRNA levels of ECE-1, as well as ET(A)- and ET(B)-receptors in the kidney were analyzed by Northern blots. It was found that the ECE-1 and ET(A)-receptor mRNA levels in kidneys subjected to ureter ligation increased by 92% and 71%, respectively, when compared with those obtained from the contralateral kidneys. In contrast, mRNA levels of ET(B)-receptors were not significantly different between the two groups. These results suggest that ET-1, through interaction with the ET(A)-receptors, may play a role in the progression of interstitial fibrosis following ureter ligation.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11078391&dopt=Abstract
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000 Nov;36(5 Suppl 1):S286-9.
Vasoactive peptide-regulated gene expression during osteoblastic differentiation.
Inoue A, Kamiya A, Ishiji A, Hiruma Y, Hirose S, Hagiwara H.
Research Center for Experimental Biology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
The formation of bone occurs via a series of events that are regulated by various hormones and cytokines. We previously reported that endothelin (ET) inhibits the mineralization by osteoblastic cells and natriuretic peptide (NP) promotes osteoblastic differentiation. Therefore, we attempted to identify the genes induced by ET or NP in mouse preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells using the method known as differential display-polymerase chain reaction (DD-PCR) to understand the bone metabolism further. Consequently, we found that expression levels of mRNAs for fibronectin, type XII collagen, p160 Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), caldesmon, calpain, nucleolin and a novel gene with a zinc finger motif are downregulated in osteoblasts by ET stimuli. We also found that expression levels of mRNAs for eIF-4A and a novel gene are increased by C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) stimuli.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11078400&dopt=Abstract
Arch Dermatol. 2002 Nov;138(11):1445-50.
Effect of age and anatomical site on density of sensory innervation in human epidermis.
Besne I, Descombes C, Breton L.
Direction des Science du Vivant, L'Oreal Recherche, Clichy, France. ibesnecherche.loreal.com
BACKGROUND: Aging leads to decline of multiple cutaneous physiological functions including decreased sweating, immune responsiveness, thermoregulation, DNA repair, and sensory and tactile perception. Interestingly, sensory perception, like that for pain or spatial acuity, varies in different body parts. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate epidermal innervation according to age and anatomical site. METHODS: Eighty-two biopsy samples from surgical procedures involving 82 patients of different ages (20-93 years) were analyzed. Four anatomical sites were examined: 2 from facial areas (upper eyelid and preauricular area) and 2 from truncal areas (abdomen and mammary area). Epidermal innervation was detected using a marker of neural cells, the protein gene product 9.5. The basement membrane was stained with type IV collagen antibodies. The epidermal area occupied by nerve endings was then calculated using image analysis. RESULTS: A trend displaying age-associated decreased epidermal innervation of facial skin was found. Epidermal innervation of abdominal skin did not change with age, and an age-associated increased innervation was observed in mammary skin. Also, the number of epidermal nerves in facial areas tested (palpebral and preauricular areas) was significantly higher than their number in the abdomen and mammary area. Eyelid epidermis showed the highest ratio of nerve fiber surface to epidermal surface. CONCLUSIONS: Epidermal nerve density variations could explain the different sensitivity threshold in different parts of the body. Decreased spatial discrimination with aging may be associated with decreased epidermal nerve density.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12437450&dopt=Abstract
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