References: Hair growth and hair loss
J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991 Aug;25(2 Pt 1):266-70.
Trachyonychia associated with alopecia areata: a clinical and pathologic study.
Tosti A, Fanti PA, Morelli R, Bardazzi F.
Department of Dermatology, University of Bologna, Italy.
Forty of 1095 patients (3.65%) with alopecia areata had severe nail changes that fulfilled the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of trachyonychia. Twelve of these patients had a nail biopsy. A mild to moderately dense lymphocytic infiltrate associated with exocytosis and spongiosis was detected in the proximal nailfold, nail matrix, nail bed, and hyponychium of 11 patients. One patient showed the pathologic changes of lichen planus; lichen planus of the skin developed 6 months after the nail biopsy. Immunohistochemical characterization on paraffin-embedded sections showed that the inflammatory infiltrate consisted of peripheral T lymphocytes. Immunophenotyping on frozen sections was performed in four cases. The results revealed a T4/T8 ratio of 2:1 and the presence of Langerhans cells in the nail matrix. Our results show that trachyonychia is an uncommon nail manifestation of alopecia areata. Distinctive pathologic features of mild to moderately dense lymphocytic infiltrate associated with exocytosis and spongiosis characterize trachyonychia as well as the other nail abnormalities caused by alopecia areata. The clinical association of trachyonychia with alopecia areata does not exclude that the nail abnormality can be due to other diseases such as lichen planus.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1918465&dopt=Abstract
J Pediatr Health Care. 1991 Sep-Oct;5(5):245-50.
Hair loss in children and adolescents.
Clore ER, Corey A.
No other body system is more exposed to the public eye than the skin and the hair. Pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) frequently encounter patients in their practice settings with the complaint of "hair loss." The most often diagnosed causes of hair loss include tinea capitis, alopecia areata, traction alopecia, and trichotillomania. This article defines these conditions, explores the causes for them, and describes the incidences. Emphasis is placed on the PNP's role on making a differential diagnosis based on the presenting clinical manifestations, patient history, and laboratory testing. Treatment for these conditions as well as nursing goals and PNP interventions for management and family education also are discussed.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1919999&dopt=Abstract
Clin Exp Dermatol. 1991 May;16(3):176-80.
Increased HLA-DR+ T-lymphocyte population in peripheral blood of alopecia areata.
Imai R, Miura J, Takamori K, Ogawa H.
Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
The populations of activated T-cell subsets [HLA-DR(+)-Leu 4+ cells, interleukin 2 receptor positive (IL-2R+)-Leu 4+ cells] in the peripheral blood of patients with alopecia areata (AA) were investigated using double direct immunofluorescence staining. Fifty-eight patients with AA were classified into one of three types: those with inactive single AA (type 1) lesions, active multiple alopecia areata (MAA) lesions and active alopecia totalis (AT) (type 2) and chronic alopecia universalis (AU) (type 3). Compared to normal controls, high percentages of HLA-DR(+)-Leu4+ cells were detected in types 2 and 3 AA patients, but not in type 1 AA patients. These findings suggest that T cells are activated in the peripheral blood of active MAA, AT and chronic AU.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1934567&dopt=Abstract
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