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Immunology. 2002 Nov;107(3):350-7.
Reactivation of latent tuberculosis by an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase in an aerosol murine model.
Botha T, Ryffel B.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Technikon, Cape Town, South Africa.
Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in clinical tuberculosis only in a small percentage of healthy individuals. In most instances the bacilli are controlled by the immune system and survive in a latent state within granuloma. Immunosuppression, however, may result in reactivation of infection, resulting in clinical disease. Using a low-dose aerosol infection (30 colony-forming units) in mice, we describe a short-duration model for studying spontaneous and drug-induced reactivation of anti-tuberculous drug-treated, latent tuberculosis infection. Although a 4-week treatment with rifampicin and isoniazid reduced the number of bacilli to undetectable levels, the infection spontaneously reactivated following therapy. By contrast, an 8-week treatment period induced a state of latent infection, requiring immunosuppression to reactivate infection. Finally, a 12-week treatment period eliminated the bacilli completely and aminoguanidine did not induce reactivation of infection. In view of the fact that therapy in the selected protocol reduces the mycobacterial load to undetectable levels, the data suggest that an 8-week treatment period is necessary and sufficient to mount protective immunity in mice.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12423311&dopt=Abstract
Ther Apher. 2002 Oct;6(5):358-64.
Apheresis of immune diseases and apheresis using immunological specificity.
Yagihashi A, Kikuchi K.
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. yagihasapmed.ac.jp
It has been clearly shown that autoimmune diseases can be treated by apheresis by eliminating immune complexes, however, the effects of therapeutic apheresis are not limited to immune disorders. Almost all diseases are associated with immune systems. Immune systems can be regulated by advanced techniques of apheresis, including immunoadsorption and immunocytapheresis, removing immune effector molecules and various immune-associated cells selectively. Therefore, apheresis can be used as a nondrug treatment for many diseases. In addition, disease-associated proteins that cause disease or are produced in the course of diseases and accumulate in the body could be eliminated selectively by apheresis using the extremely powerful ability of the immune system to recognize polypeptide structures specifically and distinguish miniscale differences among molecules. In this article, we discuss the current status of treatment of immune diseases by apheresis and possible treatment approach of a variety of diseases by apheresis based on immune reactions.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12423530&dopt=Abstract
Phytomedicine. 2002 Oct;9(7):614-24.
Intestinal immune system modulating polysaccharides in a Japanese herbal (Kampo) medicine, Juzen-Taiho-To.
Kiyohara H, Matsumoto T, Yamada H.
The Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
A commercially available dried extract (TJ-48) of Japanese herbal (Kampo) prescription, Juzen-Taiho-To has been found to enhance functions of Peyer's patch cells (intestinal immune system modulating activity) in vitro and in vivo. When TJ-48 was fractionated, the dialyzable fraction (F-3) and the polysaccharide fraction (F-5) expressed the in vitro activity. Oral administration of F-5 (150 mg/kg/day) to mice showed the intestinal immune system modulating activity. When the galacturonan moiety of pectic polysaccharides in F-5 was degraded enzymatically by endo-polygalacturonase, the digestion products significantly increased the activity of F-5. Purification the polygalacturonase-digested F-5 indicated that the active substances were composed mainly of the enzyme-resistant or undigestable polysaccharide molecules. Gel filtrations and anion-exchange chromatographies of F-5 gave 12 kinds of polysaccharides, and among them, 7 polysaccharides had significant intestinal immune system modulating activity. Component sugar analysis suggests that some active polysaccharides are grouped into pectic polysaccharides containing arabinogalactan or heteroglycan chains. Single radial gel diffusion analysis using beta-D-glucosyl-Yariv antigen indicated that some of the active polysaccharides comprised arabino-3,6-galactan moiety, and this moiety was suggested to play an important role partly for expression of the activity by single linear regression analysis between degree of the activity and reactivity with beta-D-glyucosyl-Yariv antigen.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12487325&dopt=Abstract
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2002 Nov 15;34(3):173-9.
The partially degraded lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia and ornithine-containing lipids derived from some Gram-negative bacteria are useful complex lipid adjuvants.
Kawai Y, Watanabe M, Matsuura M, Nishijima M, Kawahara K.
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
The partially degraded lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia (LPSdegr) and the ornithine-containing lipids were purified from some bacteria. The substances were developed as complex lipid adjuvants, because they have weak toxicity and are able to activate the immune systems of the living body. After various toxoid antigens such as pertussis toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid were mixed with the complex lipid adjuvants, the mixtures were administered to mice subcutaneously. Antitoxoid IgG antibody titers in the serum were measured several times over 3 months. The efficacy of the LPSdegr as adjuvant was almost as high as that of the ornithine-containing lipids, and it was almost equal to that of the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (Alum), which is generally used as a vaccine adjuvant.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12423768&dopt=Abstract
Carbohydr Res. 2002 Oct 8;337(18):1633-40.
Conformation of the branched O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 2: molecular mechanics calculations show a compact helical structure exposing an epitope which potentially mimics galabiose.
Rosen J, Robobi A, Nyholm PG.
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Structural Biology, Goteborg University, Medicinaregatan 7B, SE-405 30, Goteborg, Sweden.
Conformational analyses of the branched repeating unit of the O-antigenic polysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 2 have been performed with molecular mechanics MM3. A filtered systematic search on the trisaccharide alpha-D-GalNAc-(1-->3)-[alpha-D-GlcNAc-(1-->4)]-alpha-D-GalNAc forming the branch, shows essentially a single favored conformation. Also, the downstream alpha-D-GalNAc-(1-->4)-alpha-D-Glc linkage is sterically constrained. The alpha-D-Glc-(1-->4)-beta-D-Gal moiety, however, forms a more flexible link region between the branch points, and shows a 90 degrees bend similar to what is known for the galabiose moiety occurring in globo-glycolipids. The calculations indicate that consecutive repeating units in their minimum energy conformation arrange in a helical structure with three repeating units per turn. This helix is very compact and appears to be stabilized by hydrophobic interactions involving the N-acetyl groups at the branch points. Random conformational search suggests the existence of another helical structure with four repeating units per turn. It appears possible that the alpha-D-Glc-(1-->4)-beta-D-Gal moiety, which is exposed on the surface of the helical structures, can evade recognition by the immune system of the host by the mimicry of globo structures.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12423964&dopt=Abstract
Like developmental biology of any part of our body, hair growth is a complicated process. Hence the homework for
modern science to yet unravel the process and mechanism to a completion. There exist a number of traditional and alternative therapeutic methods that include drugs, surgery, suppelements, and even snake oils that have been developed and used for those who lose hair.
No understanding, and there is no solution. Of course, none of these approaches are perfect for all hair loss problems, especially due to the heterogeneity of the causes underlying hair losses. Most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are accompanied by undesirable side effects.
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