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Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2002 May 22;269(1495):1031-7.
Immune system evolution among anthropoid primates: parasites, injuries and predators.

Semple S, Cowlishaw G, Bennett PM.

Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK. stuart.semploz.ac.uk

In this study we investigate whether present-day variation in a key component of the immune system (baseline leucocyte concentrations) represents evolutionary adaptation to ecological factors. In particular, we test three hypotheses, namely that leucocyte concentrations will be positively related to one of the following: risk of disease transmission between hosts, which is related to host abundance (hypothesis 1), risk of disease infection from the environment due to parasite viability and abundance (hypothesis 2), and risk of injury and subsequent infection, for example following attacks by predators (hypothesis 3). No support was found for hypothesis 1: neither population density nor group size were associated with variation in leucocyte concentrations. Hypothesis 2 was supported: for both sexes, lymphocyte and phagocyte concentrations were positively correlated with annual rainfall, as predicted if interspecific variation in the immune system is related to parasite prevalence (primates suffer higher rates of parasitism in wetter habitats). Support was also provided for hypothesis 3: for both males and females, platelet concentrations were negatively related to body mass, as predicted if injury risk affects immune system evolution, because animals with larger body mass have a relatively lower surface area available to injury. Additional support was provided for hypothesis 3 by the finding that for males, the sex which plays the active role in troop defence and retaliation against predators, concentration of platelets was positively correlated with rate of predation. In conclusion, our analysis suggests that the risk of disease infection from the environment and the risk of injury have played a key role in immune system evolution among anthropoid primates.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12028760&dopt=Abstract

Inhal Toxicol. 2002 May;14(5):521-40.
Effects of aerosols from nontoxic Stachybotrys chartarum on murine airways.

Korpi A, Kasanen JP, Raunio P, Kosma VM, Virtanen T, Pasanen AL.

Department of Environmental Sciences, Research and Development Unit of Environmental Health, University of Kuopio, Bioteknia 2, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. anne.korpku.fi

Acute effects on the upper and lower respiratory tract due to inhalation exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum (Sc) extract were investigated in mice. In addition, the capacity of the Sc exposure to activate immune system and cause inflammation in the respiratory tract was studied. The inhalation of Sc extract aerosols was observed to provoke sensory irritation in the airways of both naive and Sc-immunized mice. In contrast, exposure to aerosolized ovalbumin or phosphate buffered saline did not cause this effect. Exposure to Sc twice a week for 3 wk increased significantly the serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in BALB/c mice immunized with Sc as well as in nonimmunized mice. A slight presence of inflammatory cells was observed in the alveoli 3 days after the last exposure to Sc. In conclusion, Sc extract has the capacity to provoke sensory irritation in the murine airways and to activate the murine immune system.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12028806&dopt=Abstract

Med Clin (Barc). 2002 May 4;118(16):601-4.
[Immunologic recovery after 2-years on HAART in vertically HIV-infected children]

[Article in Spanish]

Resino S, Bellon JM, Gurbindo D, Ramos JT, Navarro M, Leon JA, Clemente J, Munoz-Fernandez MA.

Servicio de Inmunologia, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain.

BACKGROUND: Our purpose was to carry out an analysis of T cells subsets involved in the recovery of the immune system in vertically HIV-1-infected children, on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) over more than 24 months. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Seventeen HIV-1-infected children were studied: a) Res-group (HIV-1-infected children who were HAART-responders): 10 children in category C3 at entry in the study who, after more than 24 months on HAART, recovered CD4+ T cells (> 25% and 500 CD4+ T-cells/ml) and may control viral replicacion, and b) non-Res group (HIV-1-infected children who did not respond to HAART): 7 children in category C3 at entry in the study who, after more than 24 months on HAART, did not recover CD4+ T-cells (< 15% or 200 CD4+ T-cells/ml) and did not control viral replication. As control group, 12 HIV-1-uninfected children with similar ages were included in the study. RESULTS: Children in the Res-group recovered the values of CD4+, CD8+ naive (CD45RA+CD62L+) and memory (CD45RO+) T-cells until reaching the values of the control group. The differences were significant with regard to the non-Res group, except for the CD8+CD45RO+ T-cells of the Res and non-Res groups which were higher than the control group. Moreover, Res-group had values of CD8+HLA-DR+CD38+ T-cells lower than the non-Res group, yet both HIV-1 groups (Res and non-Res) had significantly higher values of CD4+ and CD8+ activated (HLA-DR+CD38+) T-cells than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The recovery of the immune system induced by HAART in HIV-1-infected children seems to be the consequence of the decrease of the immune system chronic activation and the recovery of naive T-cells.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12028911&dopt=Abstract

Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2002 Jun;17(3):172-6.
A link between parotid salivary Ig level and recurrent respiratory infections in young Down's syndrome patients.

Chaushu S, Yefenof E, Becker A, Shapira J, Chaushu G.

Department of Orthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, PO Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.

The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the correlation between recurrent respiratory infections and the levels of salivary Ig in a group of young Down's syndrome (DS) individuals. Twenty-three DS and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included. DS individuals who had experienced three or more upper respiratory tract infections (n = 10) in the previous 12 months were compared to DS individuals who had not experienced recurrent respiratory infections (n = 13) and to healthy controls (n = 10). A statistically significant reduction in the Ig salivary secretion rate was recorded in the subgroup with recurrent respiratory infections. No significant differences were seen between the subgroup without recurrent respiratory infections and controls. It is suggested that the secretory immune system provides local immune protection against pathogens in the respiratory tract. Detection of salivary Ig levels may serve as a predictor of the susceptibility of DS individuals to recurrent respiratory tract infections.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12030969&dopt=Abstract

Dev Comp Immunol. 2002 Jul;26(6):563-74.
Classical pathway serum complement activity throughout various stages of the annual cycle of a mammalian hibernator, the golden-mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis.

Maniero GD.

Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. gregrory_manierrmc.rochester.edu

Little is known about the changes in the immune system that coincide with the annual cycle of hibernating mammals. This study investigates classical pathway complement activity in the serum of the golden-mantled ground squirrel, a mammalian hibernator. Complement activity varied significantly among discreet stages of the annual cycle and is lowest during torpor and greatest during stages of arousal. C3 mRNA levels follow a pattern similar to that of complement-mediated hemolysis throughout the year but do not vary significantly among hibernation states. The classical pathway of the serum complement system is able to function in vitro at 5 degrees C, although at a slower rate than at 34 degrees C. The classical pathway of the serum complement system is active throughout all phases of the annual cycle of the golden-mantled ground squirrel.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12031416&dopt=Abstract

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