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Arkh Patol. 2002 Jul-Aug;64(4):21-5.
[Morphology of immune system organs in drug addiction]
[Article in Russian]
Lun'kova LK, Makarova OV, Kanibolotskii AA, Mitkova SV.
Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Moscow.
The autopsy material from the thymus, spleen and bifurcation tracheal lymph nodes from 34 drug addicts who died because of heroin overdosing were studied. Morphin and heroin components were found in all tissues and fluids investigated. The enzyme immunoassay identified antibodies to hepatitis C virus in blood serum. The control group consisted of 12 cases who died of mechanic asphyxia and severe trauma. Morphologically, the livers from all cases were affected with chronic viral hepatitis of minimal-moderate activity. Accidental involution of the thymus, depletion of the cortical layer, hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles in the lymph nodes; prevailing follicles of type 1 in the spleen were found.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12402551&dopt=Abstract
Adv Perit Dial. 2002;18:165-9.
Comparison of immunophenotypes in the blood of patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, asymptomatic and with peritonitis.
Klinger J, Enriquez J, Arturo JA, Delgado M, Avila G, Mosquera M.
Immunologic and Infectious Disease Investigations Laboratory, Nephrology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cauca, Colombia, South America.
Peritonitis is a complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) that often causes fibrosis. Understanding the role played by the immune system is required if we are to understand the mechanisms of defense and tissue lesion triggered by germs. We compared the characteristics of the blood immunophenotypes of patients on CAPD, with and without peritonitis. This descriptive, prospective study was carried out in the dialysis unit of San Jose University Hospital, a tertiary care institution in Popayan, Colombia. In blood samples from 46 patients on CAPD (26 with peritonitis and 20 without peritonitis), we used flow cytometry to measure cytokine production at the single-cell level. The diagnosis of peritonitis was made by standard clinical and laboratory criteria. We noted general clinical characteristics of the patients; percentages of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils; and cell counts of lymphocytes (CD4 cells, CD8 cells) and their subsets [B1, B2, and natural killer (NK) cells]. We also determined the CD4:CD8 ratio. We found significant differences in the levels of serum albumin (p < 0.001), the percentages of lymphocytes (p < 0.04) and neutrophils (p < 0.04), and the counts of B1 and B2 cells, especially in patients whose CD4:CD8 ratio was below 1.2. Those patients also had more intense CD4 lymphopenia, more CD8 cells (principally T-suppressor cells), and more expansion of NK cells. In patients on CAPD, an important immune activation and rise in the percentage of B1 cells occurs that increases with peritonitis. Among the general clinical characteristics, albumin was the only one to show a statistically significant difference between patients with and without peritonitis. An important CD4 lymphopenia occurred in patients with a CD4:CD8 ratio below 1.2.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12402612&dopt=Abstract
Adv Perit Dial. 2002;18:170-6.
Cytokines and peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: immunodeviation and immunodeficiency.
Klinger J, Enriquez J, Arturo JA, Delgado M, Avila G, Ceballos O.
Immunologic and Infectious Disease Investigations Laboratory, University of Cauca, Colombia, South America.
Cytokines are soluble mediators of the immune system, which regulate the immune response to antigenic stimuli. In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients with peritonitis, an inflammatory process occurs, but the patterns of cytokine secretion have not yet been clarified. We compared the characteristics of the intracellular production of cytokines and looked for the immunophenotypes T helper 1 (TH1), T helper 2 (TH2), and T helper 0 (TH0) in CAPD patients with and without peritonitis. Our descriptive, prospective study was carried out in the dialysis unit of the San Jose University Hospital, a tertiary health care center in Popayan, southwest Colombia. We obtained 28 peripheral blood samples from CAPD patients (8 with peritonitis and 20 without peritonitis) and processed them by flow cytometry for intracellular detection of cytokines. The peritonitis diagnosis was made based using established clinical and laboratory criteria. We measured the general clinical characteristics and percentage of intracellular production of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) in T lymphocytes. Diabetic nephropathy and chronic glomerulonephritis were the most frequent primary pathologies in both groups of patients. The patients on CAPD without peritonitis expressed high levels of CD69 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF alpha, and IL-4, indicating in vivo immune activation similar to the group with peritonitis. In the group without peritonitis, 95% of samples displayed immunodeviation TH2. Just 5% of samples approached TH0, producing IFN-gamma. After mitogen activation, 45% of the samples stayed in TH2; 55% approached TH0. Patients with peritonitis produced high levels of IL-4 and little IFN-gamma, which indicates immunodeviation TH2 in 75% of samples; 25% approached TH0. When cells were stimulated by ionomicin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), more IFN-gamma appeared and high levels of IL-4 persisted in 75% of the samples, which looked like intent to correct the TH2 immunodeviation toward TH0. Patients on CAPD with and without peritonitis showed immune activation per se and high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines accompanied by a strong pattern of cytokine TH2 and a deficiency of IFN-gamma production, suggesting heavy immunodeviation TH2 and immunodeficiency TH1 (owing to the deficit of IFN-gamma). Finally, with in vitro immune stimulation, the TH2 pattern tried to approach TH0.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12402613&dopt=Abstract
Adv Perit Dial. 2002;18:177-83.
Peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: cytokines in peritoneal fluid and blood.
Enriquez J, Klinger J, Arturo JA, Delgado M, Tobar C, Mosquera M.
Nephrology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, RTS Cauca-Nephrological, San Jose, Popayan, Colombia, South America.
Cytokines are soluble mediators of the immune system that regulate the response to antigens and microorganisms. In patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) who have peritonitis, an inflammatory process exists that must be understood if susceptibility to, and the mechanisms of, complications such as fibrosis and others are to be understood. To that end, we studied 9 CAPD patients with peritonitis. The case series was conducted in Popayan, Colombia, at the RTS Cauca dialysis unit and the University of Cauca hospital, a tertiary health care facility. Peritonitis was diagnosed by standard clinical and laboratory criteria. Using flow cytometry, we measured the percentage production of intracellular cytokines [interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), IL-4, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in T lymphocytes from blood and peritoneal fluid. Among the studied patients, all (100%) produced high levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha, IL-12, and IL-4 in both fluids (blood: 89% +/- 63% of cells; peritoneal fluid: 81.6% +/- 10.1% of cells). In blood, 25% of patients produced IFN-gamma (mean: 15.7% of cells), showing that 75% of patients had the TH2 pattern, and 25% were close to TH0. In peritoneal fluid, 34% of patients produced IFN-gamma spontaneously (mean: 24.5% of cells), indicating that 66% of patients were TH2, and 34% were close to TH0. After stimulation, expression of cytokines, including IFN-gamma (39% of T cells), was increased, and high production of IL-4 indicated that 25% of patients were TH2, and 75% were TH0. In peritoneal fluid, production of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, was increased, with high production of IL-4, indicating switching from TH2 (34% of patients) to TH0 (66% of patients). Of the studied patients, 35% had a CD4:CD8 ratio < 1.1 in blood, and also produced IL-12 (94.5% of cells) and IFN-gamma (30% of cells), as compared with patients in whom the CD4:CD8 ratio was > 1.2. Patients on CAPD who have peritonitis produce large amounts of pro-inflammatory and TH2 cytokines. More IFN-gamma is produced in peritoneal fluid than in blood, which suggests more inflammation. Immunodeviation TH2 is seen in blood and peritoneal fluid of CAPD patients with peritonitis. Patients with a CD4:CD8 ratio < 1.1 produce more IFN-gamma and IL-12, and are more able to switch from TH2 to TH0.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12402614&dopt=Abstract
Adv Perit Dial. 2002;18:184-7.
Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry of peritoneal fluid of patients with peritonitis on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Enriquez J, Klinger J, Arturo JA, Tobar C, Ceballos O.
Nephrology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cauca, Colombia, South America.
Our project identified, by flow cytometry, the immunophenotypes and activation state of the immune cells in the peritoneal dialysis fluid from patients with peritonitis on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The results showed that all kinds of cells of the immune system were present in the peritoneal fluid in percentages and activation states similar to those seen in blood. Also, two subgroups of patients were noted, according to CD4:CD8 ratio. Patients whose ratio was < 1.1 had more expansion of CD8 and NK cells, and a higher percentage of B1 cells in both fluids than were seen in healthy people.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12402615&dopt=Abstract
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The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just
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