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Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2002 Oct 7;269(1504):2035-40.
From HIV infection to AIDS: a dynamically induced percolation transition?

Kamp C, Bornholdt S.

Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Universitat Kiel, Leibnizstrasse 15, 24098 Kiel, Germany. kamheo-physik.uni-kiel.de

The origin of the unusual incubation period distribution in the development of AIDS is largely unresolved. A key factor in understanding the observed distribution of latency periods, as well as the occurrence of infected individuals not developing AIDS at all, is the dynamics of the long-lasting struggle between HIV and the immune system. Using a computer simulation, we study the diversification of viral genomes under mutation and the selective pressure of the immune system. In non-HIV infections, vast spreading of viral genomes in genome space usually does not take place. In the case of an HIV infection, this may occur, as the virus successively weakens the immune system by the depletion of CD4+ cells. In a sequence space framework, this leads to a dynamically induced percolation transition, corresponding to the onset of AIDS. As a result, we obtain a prolonged shape of the incubation period distribution, as well as a finite fraction of non-progressors that do not develop AIDS, comparing well with results from recent clinical research.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12396503&dopt=Abstract

Mol Hum Reprod. 2002 Nov;8(11):1031-4.
The CARD15 2936insC mutation and TLR4 896 A>G polymorphism in African Americans and risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).

Ferrand PE, Fujimoto T, Chennathukuzhi V, Parry S, Macones GA, Sammel M, Kuivaniemi H, Romero R, Strauss JF 3rd.

Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Infection is believed to be a leading cause of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). The bacterial cell wall component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is thought to initiate tissue responses leading to PPROM in the setting of Gram negative infection. LPS is recognized by the innate immune system, including the proteins encoded by the CARD15 and TLR4 genes. A recently described mutation (2936insC) in CARD15 and a polymorphism in TLR4 896 A>G impair responses to LPS. The objective of this study was to determine if African Americans, who have a higher incidence of PPROM than Caucasians, have different frequencies of the mutant CARD15 allele and the TLR4 hyporesponsive variant, and if risk of PPROM is influenced by fetal carriage of these alleles. The allele frequencies for the CARD15 mutation and the TLR4 896G variant in African Americans were similar to those reported for Caucasians. There was no association between the TLR4 alleles examined and PPROM. However, the CARD15 mutation was only detected in controls and not in PPROM cases. We conclude that the CARD15 mutation and hyporesponsive TLR4 allele do not contribute to ethnic variation in the incidence of PPROM.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12397216&dopt=Abstract

J Histochem Cytochem. 2002 Dec;50(12):1677-84.
Strong expression of interleukin-1 receptor type I in the rat carotid body.

Wang X, Wang BR, Duan XL, Zhang P, Ding YQ, Jia Y, Jiao XY, Ju G.

Department of Neuroimmunomodulation, Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.

One of the unsolved key questions in neuroimmunomodulation is how peripheral immune signals are transmitted to the brain. It has been reported that the vagus might play a role in this regard. The underlying mechanism for this immune system-to-brain communication route is related to the binding of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta originating from activated immune cells, to their receptors in glomus cells of the vagal paraganglia. The existence of IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) in vagal paraganglia has been proved. On the basis of these studies, a hypothesis is raised that the carotid body, as the largest paraganglion, might play a similar role to that of its abdominal partner. In this study we examined the distribution of IL-1RI in the carotid body by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting techniques. The IHC results showed that almost all glomus cells in the carotid body displayed strong IL-1RI immunoreactivity. The IL-1RI-immunoreactive products were localized in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane of the glomus cells. The Western blotting results also confirmed the existence of IL-1RI in both membranous and cytoplasmic elements of the carotid body. These results imply that the carotid body not only serves as a chemoreceptor for modulation of cardiorespiratory performance, as traditionally recognized, but also acts as a cytokine chemorereceptor for sensing immune signals.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12486091&dopt=Abstract

Int J Cancer. 2002 Nov 20;102(3):250-3.
Ganoderma lucidum extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell.

Hu H, Ahn NS, Yang X, Lee YS, Kang KS.

Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Sumon 441-744, Korea.

Although the pharmacology and clinical application of water extracts of Ganoderma lucidum have been extensively documented, little is known regarding its alcohol extract. In the present study, the anti-tumor effect of an alcohol extract of Ganoderma lucidum was investigated using MCF-7 cells. We found that the alcohol extract of Ganoderma lucidum inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which might be mediated through up-regulation of p21/Waf1 and down-regulation of cyclin D1. Furthermore, this compound can directly induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, which might be mediated through up-regulation of a pro-apoptotic Bax protein and not by the immune system. Our findings suggest that there are multiple mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor effects of Ganoderma lucidum. 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12397644&dopt=Abstract

Biofizika. 2002 Sep-Oct;47(5):933-42.
[Effect oh millimeter waves on the immune system in mice with experimental tumors]

[Article in Russian]

Novoselova EG, Ogai VB, Sinotova OA, Glushkova OV, Sorokina OV, Fesenko EE.

Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia.

The effect of low-level millimeter fractionated radiation on the production of tumor necrosis factor, intreleukin-2, interleukine-3, and nitric oxide and on the activity of natural killer cells and proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in mice was studied. Cell activity was measured in four groups of male Balb/c mice (control, exposed, tumor-bearing unexposed, and exposed tumor-bearing animals) within 30 days of tumoral growth and microwave exposure (42.2 GHz, 10 Hz amplitude modulation, 0.5 microW/cm2, 1.5 h daily). A significant increase in the production of tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide and in the activity of natural killer cells was observed at the early stage of tumor development; this effect was considered as adaptive response. In healthy mice, millimeter radiation produced both stimulating and immunodepressive effects. The changes were nonmonotonous; as the exposure duration was increased, the stimulating effect became weaker and on day 30 it was not observed. Irradiation of tumor-bearing mice did not induce any significant changes in the activity of cells compared to unirradiated tumor-bearing animals. Moreover, exposure to millimeter waves impaired some characteristics of cell immunity in tumor-bearing mice. It was concluded that low-intensity millimeter waves do not increase the resistance against tumor as it was shown earlier in our experiments with centimeter waves.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12397969&dopt=Abstract

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