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Immunogenetics. 2002 Oct;54(7):469-78. Epub 2002 Aug 10.
Expression profiling in mouse fetal thymus reveals clusters of coordinately expressed genes that mark individual stages of T-cell ontogeny.
Ramialison M, Mohr E, Nal B, Saboul T, Carrier A, Tagett R, Granjeaud S, Nguyen C, Gautheret D, Jordan BR, Ferrier P.
Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), INSERM - CNRS - Universite de la Mediterranee, 13288 Marseille, France.
To search for genes that participate in regulatory networks sustaining mouse embryonic T-cell development, we have performed expression profiling using nylon macroarrays. Labeled samples representative of individual developmental stages were utilized, taking advantage of cell homogeneity during early thymus ontogeny. cDNAs revealing differential expression were further selected using labeled samples derived from lymphoid versus non-lymphoid tissues, and from mutant thymi exhibiting T-cell developmental defects. We thus identified clusters of coexpressed genes during T-cell embryogenesis and characterized their sequences through bioinformatics. We compare our results with those from other profiling analyses in the immune system, and discuss their implications for the definition of genes whose products are involved in T-cell development.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12389095&dopt=Abstract
Immunogenetics. 2002 Oct;54(7):501-12. Epub 2002 Jul 23.
Structural analysis, selection, and ontogeny of the shark new antigen receptor (IgNAR): identification of a new locus preferentially expressed in early development.
Diaz M, Stanfield RL, Greenberg AS, Flajnik MF.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
The new antigen receptor (IgNAR) family has been detected in all elasmobranch species so far studied and has several intriguing structural and functional features. IgNAR protein, found in both transmembrane and secretory forms, is a dimer of heavy chains with no associated light chains, with each chain of the dimer having a single free and flexible V region. Four rearrangement events (among 1V, 3D, and 1J germline genes) generate an expressed NAR V gene, resulting in long and diverse CDR3 regions that contain cysteine residues. IgNAR mutation frequency is very high and "selected" mutations are found only in genes encoding the secreted form, suggesting that the primary repertoire is entirely CDR3-based. Here we further analyzed the two IgNAR types, "type 1" having one cysteine in CDR3 and "type 2" with an even number (two or four) of CDR3 cysteines, and discovered that placement of the disulfide bridges in the IgNAR V domain differentially influences the selection of mutations in CDR1 and CDR2. Ontogenetic analyses showed that IgNAR sequences from young animals were infrequently mutated, consistent with the paradigm that the shark immune system must become mature before high levels of mutation accompanied with selection can occur. Nevertheless, also in agreement with the idea that the IgNAR repertoire is entirely CDR3-based, but unlike studies in most other vertebrates, N-region diversity is present in expressed IgNAR clones at birth. During the investigation of this early IgNAR repertoire we serendipitously detected a third type of IgNAR gene that is expressed in all neonatal tissues; later in life its expression is perpetuated only in the epigonal organ, a tissue recently shown to be a (the?) primary lymphoid tissue in elasmobranchs. This "type 3" IgNAR gene still undergoes three rearrangement events (two D regions are "germline-joined"), yet CDR3 sequences were exactly of the same length and very similar sequence, suggesting that "type 3" CDR3s are selected early in ontogeny, perhaps by a self-ligand.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12389098&dopt=Abstract
Immunogenetics. 2002 Oct;54(7):513-9. Epub 2002 Sep 06.
Cloning and expression of the turtle (Trachemys scripta) immunoglobulin joining (J)-chain cDNA.
Iwata A, Iwase T, Ogura Y, Takahashi T, Matsumoto N, Yoshida T, Kamei N, Kobayashi K, Mestecky J, Moro I.
Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan. iwata-ent.nihon-u.ac.jp
The J-chain protein is a M(r) 15000 polypeptide associated with polymeric IgA and IgM. The complete cDNA sequences of human, mouse, cow, brushtail possum, chicken and frog J chains have been previously reported, but nothing is known about the cDNA and amino acid sequences of reptilian J chain. Here, we determined a turtle J-chain cDNA sequence by RT-PCR and RACE, and examined J-chain mRNA and protein expression by Northern blotting and immunohistochemistry. This turtle J-chain cDNA was 1934 bp and had an open reading frame of 477 nucleotides, encoding 159 amino acids. The mature J-chain protein is composed of 137 amino acids, M(r) approximately 15000. The deduced amino acid sequence of the turtle J chain was highly homologous to that of human (60%), mouse (61%), cow (60%), rabbit (60%), chicken (69%), brushtail possum (65%), Rana catesbeiana (47%) and Xenopus laevis (58%). Eight cysteine residues were located at the same positions as in these other species, with the exception of X. laevis. PROSITE database analysis indicated the presence of two N-glycosylation sites in turtle, one of which was novel. Northern blot analysis revealed that turtle J-chain mRNA was expressed in lung, stomach, spleen and intestine. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed J-chain-positive plasma cells in the intestine and spleen. These results suggest the presence of a mucosal immune system mainly composed of J-chain-containing Ig in the turtle.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12389099&dopt=Abstract
Arch Tierernahr. 2002 Apr;56(2):131-9.
Effect of lactose and dried whey supplementation on growth performance and histology of the immune system in broilers.
Gulsen N, Coskun B, Umucalilar HD, Inal F, Boydak M.
Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey. ngulseelcuk.edu.tr
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lactose and dried whey supplementation as dietary component on growth performance and histology of lymphoid organs and ileum in broilers. A total of 480 day-old chicks were utilised for 42 days. Animals were assigned randomly to one of three treatments: control, lactose (2.5%), and dried whey (3.85%). Body weight was greater for animals supplemented with lactose or dried whey than for those not supplemented. There were no effects of treatments on feed intake and feed efficiency. In general, the effects of lactose or dried whey supplementation on histology of lymphoid organs and ileum were variable. Plasma cell counts were lower for animals supplemented with lactose than for those supplemented with dried whey. However, the length of intestinal villi during the starter period was greater for experimental groups than for control group.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12389227&dopt=Abstract
Clin Exp Immunol. 2002 Nov;130(2):190-5.
Exposure to Mycobacterium avium primes the immune system of calves for vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG.
Howard CJ, Kwong LS, Villarreal-Ramos B, Sopp P, Hope JC.
Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, UK. Chris.Howarbsrc.ac.uk
The objective of the investigation was to provide data on how a prior exposure of cattle to Mycobacterium avium, used here as a model of exposure to an environmental mycobacterium, affected the cellular immune response that follows vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The assessment of cellular immune responses included lymphocyte proliferation assays, the delayed hypersensitivity skin test and IFN-gamma synthesis in whole blood cultures. One group of calves was inoculated subcutaneously with M. avium followed 12 weeks later by M. bovis-BCG. The other group was vaccinated subcutaneously with BCG alone. Calves previously exposed to M. avium responded more rapidly, as assessed in the in vitro assays, to purified protein derivative (PPD) from M. avium (PPD-A) or M. bovis (PPD-B) than did calves inoculated with BCG only, indicating that the exposure to M. avium had primed the immune response in these calves. Following inoculation of BCG the intensity of the in vitro responses and the delayed hypersensitivity skin test to PPD-A was higher for the M. avium-primed animals while the responses to PPD-B were similar in the M. avium-primed and BCG-only groups. The results are consistent with a model in which prior exposure to environmental mycobacteria does not necessarily inhibit the immune response to the vaccine strain, BCG. They suggest that M. avium infection primes the immune system of calves and that the detection of an immune response specific for M. bovis BCG is masked by reactivity to antigens also present in M. avium.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12390305&dopt=Abstract
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