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Nephron. 2002;92(3):702-4.
Significant elevations in serum mannose-binding lectin levels in patients with chronic renal failure.

Satomura A, Endo M, Ohi H, Sudo S, Ohsawa I, Fujita T, Matsushita M, Fujita T.

Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine II, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a liver-derived C-type serum lectin, activates the complement cascade through the lectin pathway. Since the complement system contributes to the host defense against infections and mediates inflammatory processes including atherosclerosis, and since chronic renal failure (CRF) patients are prone to the development of infectious complications and cardiovascular disease, we focused on serum MBL levels in CRF patients who were either uremic, or who were receiving hemodialysis treatment. METHODS: MBL levels were measured in the sera of subjects with CRF before they began dialysis treatment (pre-HD patients; n = 23) and in the sera of subjects who were receiving maintenance hemodialysis (HD patients; n = 178), by ELISA using polyclonal anti-rabbit IgG and a monoclonal antibody directed against MBL (3E7). METHODS: Mean levels (+/- SD) of serum MBL were significantly higher in pre-HD subjects (4.343 +/- 2.533 microg/ml, p < 0.05) and in HD subjects (8.897 +/- 4.920 microg/ml, p < 0.05), than in healthy controls (1.452 +/- 0.692 microg/ml). Levels were also significantly higher in HD subjects than in pre-HD subjects (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum MBL levels in patients with CRF might have significantly influence pathologic conditions such as alterations of the immune system and acceleration of atherogenesis. 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12372959&dopt=Abstract

Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002 Dec;13(6):394-401.
Exposure to pets and atopic dermatitis during the first two years of life. A cohort study.

Zirngibl A, Franke K, Gehring U, von Berg A, Berdel D, Bauer CP, Reinhardt D, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J; GINI study group.

GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany. zirngibsf.de

The aim of this study was to assess the association between keeping pets in early childhood and the occurrence of atopic dermatitis in an ongoing birth cohort followed up to the age of 2 years. We analyzed data of 4578 children in the intervention and observation part of an ongoing cohort study. The children were recruited at birth in the two study regions Wesel and Munich between January 1996 and June 1998. Information on atopic diseases and pet ownership was obtained by questionnaire at the child's first and second birthday. The logistic regression model showed a negative association between 'keeping any pet' and in particular 'keeping dogs' in the 1st year of life and the development of atopic dermatitis in the 1st and the 2nd years of life. The protective effects remained statistically significant after adjusting for several possible confounding variables (1st year(any) pet OR 0.71, 95% CI [0.55;0.92], 1st year(dog) OR 0.62, 95% CI [0.39;0.98], 2nd year(any) pet OR 0.74, 95% CI [0.57;0.97], 2nd year(dog) OR 0.63, 95% CI [0.40;0.98]). Ownership of small furred pets (hamster, rabbit and guinea pig) also showed a borderline protective effect for the 1st year. We assume an association between keeping pets and undefined environmental factor(s) that contribute protectively to the development of atopic dermatitis in early life, presumably by effects on the maturation of the immune system.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12485314&dopt=Abstract

Neuroimmunomodulation. 2002-2003;10(2):80-4.
Autonomic regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: the role of interferon-gamma.

Pal E, Tabira T.

Division of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan. paleuro.pote.hu

OBJECTIVE: The effect of chemical sympathectomy on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was studied in interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) knockout C57BL/6 mice. METHODS: Mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)(35-55) peptide. Sympathectomy was achieved by subcutaneous administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. RESULTS: We showed previously that wild-type mice developed a mild form of EAE with complete recovery. Sympathectomy caused more serious disease and mice did not recover completely, indicating that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) downmodulates the process of EAE. The clinical signs of disease were more serious in untreated IFN-gamma(-/-) mice than in wild-type animals. Unexpectedly, sympathectomy resulted in suppression of active EAE in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice, implying that control of actively induced EAE by the SNS depends on INF-gamma and the integrity of the cytokine network. We also induced EAE by passive transfer of MOG(35-55)-reactive lymph node cells, and this disease was aggravated by sympathectomy in both wild-type and knockout animals. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the idea that the integrity of the whole cytokine network is necessary to maintain normal nervous-immune system interactions. 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12372981&dopt=Abstract

J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Oct;110(4):658-63.
IgG and IgA antibody levels to cow's milk are low at age 10 years in children born preterm.

Siltanen M, Kajosaari M, Savilahti EM, Pohjavuori M, Savilahti E.

Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, FIN-0029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.

BACKGROUND: Both innate and specific defenses of the preterm infant are even less developed than those of term infants, and the immune systems of preterm infants might be skewed differently at birth. Their immune responses to food antigens started early in life might therefore differ from those of term infants. OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare antibody levels to cow's milk, ovalbumin, and gliadin at age 10 years in children who had been born either preterm or at term. METHODS: IgG and IgA isotype antibodies to whole cow's milk, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-casein, and ovalbumin, as well as IgG antibody levels to gliadin and to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, were measured for a group of 62 children born preterm and 61 control subjects born at term. These children were studied at the same time for atopy. RESULTS: Children born preterm had markedly lower levels of antibodies to cow's milk and to its protein fractions (P <.0001 for IgA and IgG antibodies to cow's milk and alpha-casein and IgG beta-lactoglobulin antibodies). IgG gliadin antibodies were also significantly lower in the preterm group (P =.03), although the difference was not significant for IgG ovalbumin antibodies. In the preterm group both those born before gestational week 30 and those given cow's milk-based formula early (before day 50) had the lowest levels of cow's milk antibodies. In the preterm group atopy was associated with low levels of IgG cow's milk antibodies but with high levels of IgG ovalbumin antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Early introduction of food antigens into the immature gastrointestinal tract of preterm infants might result in tolerance. The presence of less atopy in these children might also be a result of tolerance development.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12373277&dopt=Abstract

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Oct 15;99(21):13825-30. Epub 2002 Oct 08.
Hydrodynamic injection of viral DNA: a mouse model of acute hepatitis B virus infection.

Yang PL, Althage A, Chung J, Chisari FV.

Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. plyancripps.edu

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a prototype for liver-specific pathogens in which the failure of the immune system to mount an effective response leads to chronic infection. Our understanding of the immune response to HBV is incomplete, largely due to the narrow host restriction of this pathogen and the limitations of existing experimental models. We have developed a murine model for studying human HBV replication, immunogenicity, and control. After transfection of hepatocytes in vivo with a replication-competent, over-length, linear HBV genome, viral antigens and replicative intermediates were synthesized and virus was secreted into the blood. Viral antigens disappeared from the blood as early as 7 days after transfection, coincident with the appearance of antiviral antibodies. HBV transcripts and replicative intermediates disappeared from the liver by day 15, after the appearance of antiviral CD8 + T cells. In contrast, the virus persisted for at least 81 days after transfection of NOD/Scid mice, which lack functional T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Thus, the outcome of hydrodynamic transfection of HBV depends on the host immune response, as it is during a natural infection. The methods we describe will allow the examination of viral dynamics in a tightly controlled in vivo system, the application of mutagenesis methods to the study of the HBV life cycle in vivo, and the dissection of the immune response to HBV using genetically modified mice whose immunoregulatory and immune effector functions have been deleted or overexpressed. In addition, this methodology represents a prototype for the study of other known and to-be-discovered liver-specific pathogens.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12374864&dopt=Abstract

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