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J Mol Biol. 2003 Jan 3;325(1):25-37.
Functional analysis of the glutathione S-transferase 3 from Onchocerca volvulus (Ov-GST-3): a parasite GST confers increased resistance to oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Kampkotter A, Volkmann TE, de Castro SH, Leiers B, Klotz LO, Johnson TE, Link CD, Henkle-Duhrsen K.
Institut fur Genetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Universitatsstrasse 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. kampkoeni-duesseldorf.de
This study examined the genomic organisation of the coding region of the glutathione S-transferase 3 (Ov-GST-3) from the human parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus; alternative splicing leads to three different transcripts (Ov-GST-3/1; Ov-GST-3/2 and Ov-GST-3/3). Since the expression of Ov-GST-3 is inducible by oxidative stress, it is assumed that it is involved in the defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from cellular metabolism. Furthermore, we suggest that Ov-GST-3 plays an important role in the protection of the parasite against ROS derived from the host's immune system. To experimentally investigate these speculations, we generated Caenorhabditis elegans lines transgenic for Ov-GST-3 (AK1) and examined their resistance to artificially generated ROS. The AK1 worms (extrachromosomal and integrated lines) were found to be much more resistant to internal (juglone) and external (hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase) oxidative stress than wild-type C.elegans worms. RNA interference experiments targeted to the Ov-GST-3 transcripts resulted in decreased resistance, confirming that this effect is due to the transgenic expression of Ov-GST-3. These results clearly demonstrate that the Ov-GST-3 gene confers an increased resistance to oxidative stress. This study also shows the applicability of C.elegans as a model organism for the functional characterization of genes from (parasitic) nematode species which are not accessible to genetic manipulations.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12473450&dopt=Abstract
J Br Fer Soc. 1996;1(1):42-5.
Immunopathogenesis of pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility -- what do we know and what shall we do?
Paavonen J.
PIP: The most significant complication of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in women is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which is responsible for considerable medical, social, and economic problems. Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or both cause PID in at least 50% of cases. Other microorganisms that are part of the abnormal vaginal flora also cause PID. Gonorrhea rates have quickly fallen in most developed countries, but chlamydia infection rates are still high in developed countries as well as in developing countries. The clinical signs and symptoms of PID have changed over time. More and more PID cases are classified as atypical or subclinical. Typical PID is rare. A strong association exists between chlamydia infection and tubal factor infertility or ectopic pregnancy in women with or without a history of PID. Health providers are concerned about the problem of unrecognized PID. Thus, recommendations for PID diagnosis have changed. A syndromic diagnosis of PID is advocated. The minimum criteria for syndromic diagnosis of PID include lower abdominal tenderness, bilateral adnexal tenderness, cervical motion tenderness, and no evidence of competing diagnosis (e.g., acute appendicitis). Application of this improved approach will provide appropriate treatment earlier in the course of PID. PID-related morbidity (i.e., infertility and ectopic pregnancy) is a considerable public health problem worldwide. In order to prevent PID, clinicians and public health specialists need to understand the interactions of PID-causing microorganisms with the host immune system. By the time PID symptoms are detected, considerable tubal damage already exists limiting the effect of tertiary prevention of PID. Secondary prevention keeps lower genital tract infection from moving up to the upper genital tract. Health providers play a key role in secondary prevention by screening for STDs and in primary prevention by counseling patients about safer sex practices.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12346974&dopt=Abstract
Manushi. 1997 Nov-Dec;(103):30-1.
Children hit by AIDS.
World AIDS Campaign.
PIP: This article discusses the context of children with HIV/AIDS. Over 23 million people are estimated to be living with HIV (1997), of whom 1 million may be children. In HIV epidemic countries, prevalence can be 40% among women in urban prenatal clinics. HIV progresses to AIDS quickly among children. 350,000 of 1.5 million who died of AIDS in 1996 were children. HIV among children does not appear to be slowing. By 2010, in regions most affected by AIDS, infant mortality could increase by as much as 75% and child mortality by 100%. Sick children, with or without AIDS, are at greater risk of death in developing countries. Common, inexpensive drugs are unavailable. Children with HIV suffer from wasting and delayed development and die from common childhood illnesses. Health workers without access to HIV testing cannot distinguish HIV-positive children from other sick children. There are wide-reaching consequences. A depressed immune system, poor nutrition, and complications of pregnancy enhance the risk of transmission to an infant. Gender discrimination and neglect of human rights creates a more difficult context for HIV/AIDS among females. Treatment of HIV-positive pregnant women with AZT can reduce the vertical transmission rate by 68%. The mother-to-child transmission rate is about 25.5% without AZT and 8.3% with AZT. Developing countries cannot afford the high cost of AZT. The emphasis needs to be shifted away from relief to long-term approaches. Families and communities need income generation and security. Improvement in economic conditions for families will reduce children's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12348899&dopt=Abstract
CVI Forum. 1999 Jul;(18):5-23.
A plethora of hi-tech vaccines -- genetic, edible, sugar glass, and more.
[No authors listed]
PIP: Modern technology has led to the creation of new approaches to vaccination; namely, DNA vaccines, transgenic plant vaccines, sugar glass vaccines, and skin patch vaccines. Among them, DNA vaccine is cited as the most powerful development in vaccinology. Since its discovery in 1989, researchers have already demonstrated in animals that the foreign protein expressed by cells transfected with naked DNA could provoke a protective immune response. Among the advantages of experimental DNA vaccines are its long lasting protection; simplicity of production; it cannot cause an infection; and, it can be used to screen whole genomes of pathogenic organisms to identify the appropriate gene for a desired immune response. However, scientists are still working on several techniques to improve the technology. Another approach in vaccination with a concept similar to that of DNA vaccine is edible plant vaccine. But unlike DNA vaccines, the plants with edible vaccines both manufacture the antigen and deliver it into the host. Moreover, sugar glass vaccines which uses trehalose, are currently being studied by WHO vaccination logistician as another vaccination alternative. On the other hand, researchers from Washington, D.C., are looking on the superficial layers of the skin as a gateway to the immune system, through skin patch vaccines.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12349328&dopt=Abstract
Health Millions. 2000 Mar-Apr;26(2):21-3.
Anaemia -- the scourge of the Third World.
Stevens RD.
PIP: Maternal anemia is an important cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in developing countries. It is responsible for intrauterine growth retardation, pre-term labor, intrauterine death, and birth of very low-birth-weight infants who die soon after birth, leading to a high perinatal mortality. This article discusses the incidence and prevalence of maternal anemia in developing countries. According to reviews, the highest prevalence rates of maternal anemia in the reproductive age group and pregnant women are found in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In these regions, it is estimated that two-thirds of pregnant women and one-half of the nonpregnant women are anemic. Causes of anemia cited in this article include malaria, which causes destruction of red blood cells; and iron deficiency, which hinders the immune system's ability to fight infection. In the successful management of anemia, reliable techniques for detection, assessing its severity and monitoring the response to appropriate treatment should be available. Moreover, programs such as the National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme, which comprehensively covered the promotion consumption of iron and folate supplements, are much needed.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12349664&dopt=Abstract
Like developmental biology of any part of our body, hair growth is a complicated process. Hence the homework for
modern science to yet unravel the process and mechanism to a completion. There exist a number of traditional and alternative therapeutic methods that include drugs, surgery, suppelements, and even snake oils that have been developed and used for those who lose hair.
No understanding, and there is no solution. Of course, none of these approaches are perfect for all hair loss problems, especially due to the heterogeneity of the causes underlying hair losses. Most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are accompanied by undesirable side effects.
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