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CVI Forum. 1994 Apr;(6):2-3.
A Forum guide to mucosal immunization.
[No authors listed]
PIP: Human mucosal tissues line the body's passages and cavities, such as the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, the nasal passages, the middle and inner ear, and the eyes, where they facilitate the passage into the bloodstream of essential molecules, such as nutrients, and prevent the passage of harmful substances, such as disease-causing organisms. Mucosal immunization is the administration of a vaccine which enters the body through the mucosal membrane. Such vaccines exist for only poliomyelitis, cholera, and typhoid fever. Mucosal vaccines are a Children's Vaccine Initiative priority because of their ease of administration, their ability to block pathogens before they pass the mucosa, the possibility of using the mucosa's enormous untapped immune system, and that such immunization will provide strong and lasting protection against infection. For now, however, mucosal vaccines must be given in much larger quantities than injected vaccines to confer the same degree of protective immunity, second or third doses are usually needed, mucosal immunity tends to fade more quickly than systemic immunity, and oral vaccines must withstand the stomach's destructive digestive juices. Researchers believe that diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory diseases, and sexually transmitted diseases could be prevented through immunization with mucosal vaccines. How mucosal immunity functions and the body sites potentially protected by such vaccines are described.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12321776&dopt=Abstract
Harv AIDS Rev. 2000 Winter;:15-7.
HIV vaccine development and Africa.
Pervane Z.
PIP: The genetic variation of HIV poses a great problem in the development of a vaccine that will work against the viral subtypes that predominate in Africa. HIV-1 exists in as many as 10 subtypes and these subtypes have 20-30% inter-subtype variation, while differences within a subtype can differ up to 15%. Moreover, HIV differs from person to person; it creates so many different versions of itself, which overwhelms the person's immune system. However, many areas of the code are conserved or shared across subtypes. Focusing on these shared areas could help in the development of a vaccine that is effective against the subtype for which it is made. Current investigations focus on stripping away glycoproteins which act to secure the virus to the surface of T4 cell, an immune-system cell found in the blood. To test if this vaccine is effective on humans, it has to undergo 3 trial tests. Phase I and II trials involve a number of volunteers and are designed to test safety, check for harmful side effects, and measure immune responses. Phase III trials, or efficacy trials, involve a greater number of volunteers. It is designed to determine whether the vaccine actually works. Although human testing is fundamental in the process of determining whether a vaccine works, it faces difficult ethical questions.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12322293&dopt=Abstract
Natl Fam Health Surv Bull. 1999 Feb;(13):1-4.
Cooking with biomass fuels increases the risk of tuberculosis.
Mishra VK, Retherford RD, Smith KR.
PIP: A survey was conducted by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India among 88, 562 households in 1992-93 to examine the link between the use of biomass fuel in cooking and the increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) in India. Cooking smoke that contains many noxious components compromises the pulmonary immune system that triggers the development of active TB. It could also facilitate the spread of infection by bringing about coughing. This analysis shows the high prevalence of active TB (51% of active TB among persons age 20 years and older) with the household's use of a biomass cooking fuel. The effect remains statistically significant even after adjusting for the effects of other demographic and socioeconomic variables. Women, particularly those living in rural areas, were more likely affected by tuberculosis. The cases of active TB may however be underreported in the NFHS because of the stigma attached to the disease. These findings suggest that TB prevalence could be reduced significantly in India, and perhaps in other developing countries, by lowering exposure to cooking smoke from biomass fuels.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12322385&dopt=Abstract
Perit Dial Int. 2002 Jul-Aug;22(4):449-53.
Metallothionein and dendritic cells in skin of end-stage renal disease patients not on dialysis, or on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
Alscher DM, Bruckner A, Fritz P, Kimmel M, Stoeltzing H, Kuhlmann U, Mettang T.
Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany. dominik.alschebk.de
OBJECTIVE: Renal failure leads to a variety of defects in immune function. The skin, as a major player in the immune system network, also exhibits multiple derangements. The pathogenesis of these defects and derangements are poorly understood; therefore, we studied immune competent cells, dermal dendrocytes (DC), and a special proinflammatory protein, metallothionein (MT), in the skin of these patients. DESIGN: 22 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) but not on dialysis, 18 patients on hemodialysis (HD), 14 patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), and 35 healthy controls were included in the study. Immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsies for DC and MT was performed with the following antibodies: for DC, antibody against factor XIIIa; and for MT, Dako-MT, E9 (Dako, Carpinteria, California, USA). Measurements were made by counting stained DC per square millimeter, and by optical density (OD) for MT (mean SEM). RESULTS: Metallothionein was increased in the skin of HD (OD 0.42 +/- 0.05, p < 0.01) and PD patients (OD 0.33 +/- 0.04, p < 0.05) compared to controls (OD 0.23 +/- 0.02) and ESRD patients not on dialysis (OD 0.22 +/- 0.05). In contrast, numbers of DC were reduced in patients on PD compared to controls (59 +/- 13 vs 96 +/- 59 DC/mm2, p < 0.01) and increased in patients with ESRD prior to dialysis (141 +/- 13 DC/mm2, p < 0.05). Patients on HD were in-between (105 +/- 20 DC/mm2), with a significant difference versus patients on PD (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the mode of dialysis influences the number of antigen-presenting cells in the dermis. However, in both dialysis modes, a proinflammatory immune status of the skin (MT) was present and, therefore, other regulatory elements for dermal dendrocytes apart from proinflammation exist.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12322815&dopt=Abstract
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The loss of T CD4+ cells leading to impairment of the immune system is the major cause of disease progression during HIV infection. More recently, the use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has raised important questions regarding the immune system restoration. Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia syndrome (ICL) is similar to AIDS, except for the presence of HIV. Despite this similarity, ICL patients have a longer survival time than AIDS cases without HAART. The impairment of TCR/CD3-directed CD4+ T cell immune responses may be responsible for HIV disease progression. We think that the reduction of opportunistic infections which lead to death after HAART, is due to the ability of these memory clones to restore enough clones of the TCR/CD3 complex with fair capacity and diversity to confront frequent pathogens.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12323122&dopt=Abstract
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