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J Immunol. 2002 Dec 15;169(12):6831-41.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated NF-kappa B activation and apoptosis in pre-B cells.
Schlezinger JJ, Jensen BA, Mann KK, Ryu HY, Sherr DH.
Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA. jschlezu.edu
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in adipocyte physiology has been exploited for the treatment of diabetes. The expression of PPARgamma in lymphoid organs and its modulation of macrophage inflammatory responses, T cell proliferation and cytokine production, and B cell proliferation also implicate it in immune regulation. Despite significant human exposure to PPARgamma agonists, little is known about the consequences of PPARgamma activation in the developing immune system. Here, well-characterized models of B lymphopoiesis were used to investigate the effects of PPARgamma ligands on nontransformed pro/pre-B (BU-11) and transformed immature B (WEHI-231) cell development. Treatment of BU-11, WEHI-231, or primary bone marrow B cells with PPARgamma agonists (ciglitazone and GW347845X) resulted in rapid apoptosis. A role for PPARgamma and its dimerization partner, retinoid X receptor (RXR)alpha, in death signaling was supported by 1) the expression of RXRalpha mRNA and cytosolic PPARgamma protein, 2) agonist-induced binding of PPARgamma to a PPRE, and 3) synergistic increases in apoptosis following cotreatment with PPARgamma agonists and 9-cis-retinoic acid, an RXRalpha agonist. PPARgamma agonists activated NF-kappaB (p50, Rel A, c-Rel) binding to the upstream kappaB regulatory element site of c-myc. Only doses of agonists that induced apoptosis stimulated NF-kappaB-DNA binding. Cotreatment with 9-cis-retinoic acid and PPARgamma agonists decreased the dose required to activate NF-kappaB. These data suggest that activation of PPARgamma-RXR initiates a potent apoptotic signaling cascade in B cells, potentially through NF-kappaB activation. These results have implications for the nominal role of the PPARgamma in B cell development and for the use of PPARgamma agonists as immunomodulatory therapeutics.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12471115&dopt=Abstract
Health Millions. 1991 Aug;17(4):12-4.
AIDS: the plateau?
Arya SC.
PIP: Noting the difficulty in changing sexually promiscuous behavior, the author examines the available treatments and preventive agents for AIDS. AIDS poses a serious health and economic threat to the world, considering that by the turn of the century, some 40-50 million people will be infected. Infection through sexual contact continues to increase at an alarming rate. 30% of all prostitutes in India are infected with the virus, and in Bombay, some 6000 men get infected through sexual contact with prostitutes every month. In some ways, the AIDS epidemic parallels the outbreak of syphilis in the later part of the 19th century. Despite the lack of cure for syphilis at this time, sexual behavior went unchanged. AIDS differs, however, in that the carriers of the disease can remain symptom free for up to 2-15 years or more. During this period, the HIV virus integrates itself into the host's genetic constitution, targeting the cells of the lymphoid cell system and cells situated in the mouth and genital linings, eventually destroying the immune system. The fields of immunology, virology, chemotherapy, and genetic engineering have made great strides in AIDS research. And despite of a high cost, the drug aziodothymidine (AZT) has succeeded in extending the lives of many patients. But a cure does not appear to be in the near future. Fortunately, condoms and spermicidal agents have been shown to protect against infection. The spermicidal agents Nonoxynol-9 and cycloheximide possess anti-HIV properties. Furthermore, another spermicide, cholorhexidine, can be used as a mouth wash to protect from infection after oral sex. Since history has shown the difficulty of changing sexual behavior, efforts should focus on preventing viral spread.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12284223&dopt=Abstract
Health Millions. 1991 Aug;17(4):7-11.
AIDS: understanding cause and effect.
Sehgal PN.
PIP: This article discusses the history, pathology, and symptoms of AIDS. Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), AIDS was first detected in 1981 among the American homosexual population, later spreading to other populations, including hemophiliacs and intravenous drug users. This led epidemiologists to deduce that AIDS spreads through body fluids. In 1983, French scientists isolated the virus which late came to be known as HIV-1. And in 1987, scientists identified another virus capable of producing the AIDS symptoms, HIV-2. Belonging to the group of retroviruses, HIV incorporates itself into the genetic constitution of the host cell, allowing it to reproduce alongside the host cell and causing a permanent infection. The retrovirus, however, may not cause any ill effect for years. AIDS develops from a breakdown of the immune system, a result of the fact that HIV infects and destroys a specialized group of white blood cells called T-helper of T-4 cells. And with the breakdown of the immune system, severe opportunistic infections develop. Since it spreads through body fluids, HIV transmissions occur through sexual activity, blood transfusions, and from infected mother to child before or shortly after birth. The period from the time of infection to the development of HIV symptoms varies considerably, anywhere between 4 months to 10 years or longer. Although a person may be free of symptoms, he or she can still pass the virus to someone else. An estimated 75% of those infected with HIV develop AIDS by the end of ten years. The major signs of AIDS include: at least a 10% body weight loss, chronic diarrhea for over a month, and prolonged fever (whether intermittent or constant). Currently, no cure for AIDS exists, only treatment drugs that help delay death.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12284230&dopt=Abstract
Rev Latinoam Psicol. 1992;24(1-2):169-76.
[AIDS: behavioral contributions to its prevention]
[Article in Spanish]
Arauzo S, Blanck JG, Bermudez G.
PIP: AIDS is caused by the human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) or lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The latter name has been widely accepted. According to the WHO in 1988 there were 5 million infected persons. In Argentina, there were 300 AIDS patients and 30,000 infected people in 1989 and 60,000 in 1990. Obstacles to prevention of the spread of AIDS are: fear which causes some to conceal its existence; prolonged latency; complacency about future negative outcome; the lack of value of life among drug addicts; adolescent behavior of defiance and confrontation; militant denial by many of the possibility of contracting AIDS; and a criminally low level of measures to combat AIDS in the Third World. Primary prevention includes avoidance of contact with body fluids of an infected person submitting to a serological test if infection is suspected massive educational campaigns, study of subcultures such as drug addicts and adolescents, use of disposable needles and sterilization of all medical instruments use of condoms, and analysis of the blood of donated organs and blood for transfusion. Secondary prevention means making sure that seropositive patients undergo periodic medical checkups and receive medical attention when suspicious symptoms are detected and follow various steps to strengthen their immune systems. Tertiary prevention comprises psychological and psychopharmacological treatment of emotional distress to facilitate a less painful progress of the disease and to avert possible complications and relapses.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12285543&dopt=Abstract
Finance Dev. 1992 Jun;29(2):22-3.
Environmental problems and developing countries.
[No authors listed]
PIP: The status of environmental conditions for forests, soils, water, air, and atmospheric changes is presented for developing countries. Loss and degradation of forests continue. The rate of cutting of moist tropical forests is 17-20 million hectares/year. The consequences would be eventual total destruction within several generations, lost soil and watershed protection, local climate change, and habitat destruction. The human toll can also be great as seen by the flooding deaths of 5000 Philippine villagers. Soil erosion is a greater danger than desertification. In sub-Saharan Africa, total harvest and yields of important food crops have declined compared to increases elsewhere in the world. In countries such as Costa Rica, Malawi, Mali, and Mexico the soil losses approximate .5-1.5% of gross domestic product annually. Progress has been made in water purification, but there are still nearly 1 million people in the developing world without access to clean water for drinking and bathing. 1.7 billion have inadequate sanitation. Access to sanitation in urban areas is on the rise. Waterborne diseases are a result of poor sanitation: 900 million cases of diarrheal disease/year, 500 million with trachoma, 200 million with schistosomiasis, or bilharzia, and 900 million from hookworm. Other diseases resulting from improper sanitation are cholera, typhoid, and paratyphoid. Water scarcity is another problem. Air quality is threatened by dust and smoke pollution which contribute to respiratory illnesses, by indoor burning of wood and charcoal particularly in rural Africa and south Asia, and high levels of lead from automobile emissions. Hundreds of thousands of people are affected through increased illness and even loss of mental functioning as in the case of lead poisoning. Atmospheric changes such as ozone depletion or global warming may not show their impact until decades later. The consequences are high levels of ultraviolet radiation which cause cancers, cataracts, and possibly immune system damage, and temperature increases which will increase the levels of the seas.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12285660&dopt=Abstract
Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million
The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just
like appendix. The hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.
While the hair loss and resulting baldness in general have not been proven to be related to underlying health problems, there are certain correlations between hair loss and health problems. For instance, premature hair loss could suggest premature aging or nutritional and hormonal imbalance, stressful life, use of drugs that cause hair loss as a side effect, skin disease, or heart disease. The balding appearance could also impart a subdued impression of integrity in bodily health and youthfulness.
Fortunately, in many cases, hair loss is reversible by change in lifestyle and/or nutritional supplementation. Herbal hair growth formula and other nutritional supplements have been shown to be effective in warding off hair loss and resuming hair growth. Certain prescription drugs such as Propecia may also reverse hair loss by blocking the formation of DHT, a hormonal byproduct produced inceasingly as a person age.
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