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Vet Pathol. 2002 Sep;39(5):565-71.
Immunohistopathology of calf pneumonia induced by endobronchial inoculation with bovine adenovirus 3.
Narita M, Yamada M, Tsuboi T, Kawashima K.
National Institute of Animal Health, Kamikita, Aomori, Japan.
Three 1-week-old and three 3-month-old Holstein calves that had received colostrum were inoculated endobronchially with bovine adenovirus 3 (BAV-3). The gross and histologic lesions in these six infected calves were localized mainly in the right caudal lobe of the lung and were closely associated with the site of the deposition of the inoculum. The pneumonic lesions were severe necrotizing bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and alveolitis, accompanied by infiltration of inflammatory cells and proliferation of type 2 pneumocytes. Intranuclear inclusion bodies, BAV-3 antigen, and virus particles were detected in the degenerated epithelial cells in the 1-week-old but not the 3-month-old calves. After infection, the total cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cells was increased. The results of BAV-3 isolation from BAL fluid were correlated with the detection of intranuclear inclusion bodies in the desquamated epithelial cells in the BAL fluid cells from the right caudal lobe but not in cells from the left caudal lobe. CD8+ T lymphocytes in the pneumonic lesion were found only in the 3-month-old infected calves. The difference in the immunopathologic reactions between the 1-week-old and the 3-month-old infected calves may be attributed to differences in immune system development.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12243466&dopt=Abstract
Exp Parasitol. 2002 May;101(1):25-34.
Cloning and partial characterization of a Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) calreticulin.
Ferreira CA, Da Silva Vaz I, da Silva SS, Haag KL, Valenzuela JG, Masuda A.
Centro de Biotecnologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, Campus do Vale, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
We report the cloning, sequence characterization and expression analysis of a calreticulin (CRT) coding cDNA of Boophilus microplus. CRT is a calcium-binding protein involved in multiple cell functions and possibly implicated in parasites host immune system evasion. The CRT cDNA sequence and its molecular characterization are described. Sequence similarity and phylogenetic analyses indicate a close relationship to other arthropod CRT sequences. The CRT cDNA was also expressed in a procariotic system and the recombinant protein (rBmCRT) was used to raise antibodies in a rabbit. Expression analyses of the corresponding gene in different developmental stages and tissues were performed by RT-PCR and Western-blot, which indicated a ubiquitous expression of the B. microplus calreticulin gene and demonstrated its presence in saliva. Sera of tick-infested bovines suggested that this protein may not be able to induce an IgG-based humoral response in its natural host.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12243735&dopt=Abstract
Glycobiology. 2002 Oct;12(10):607-12.
The glycoforms of a Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein and molecular modeling of a glycosylated surface coat.
Mehlert A, Bond CS, Ferguson MA.
Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, The Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
The plasma membrane of the African sleeping sickness parasite Trypanosoma brucei is covered with a dense, protective surface coat. This surface coat is a monolayer of five million variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) dimers that form a macromolecular diffusion barrier. The surface coat protects the parasite from the innate immune system and, through antigenic variation, the specific host immune response. There are several hundred VSG genes per parasite, and they encode glycoproteins that vary in primary amino acid sequence, the number of N-glycosylation sites, and the types of N-linked oligosaccharides and glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors they contain. In this study, we show that VSG MITat.1.5 is glycosylated at all three potential N-glycosylation sites, and we assign the oligosaccharides present at each site. Using the most abundant oligosaccharides at each site, we construct a molecular model of the glycoprotein to assess the role of N-linked oligosaccharides in the architecture of the surface coat.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12244073&dopt=Abstract
J Immunol. 2002 Oct 1;169(7):3606-12.
Regulation of mucosal dendritic cell function by receptor activator of NF-kappa B (RANK)/RANK ligand interactions: impact on tolerance induction.
Williamson E, Bilsborough JM, Viney JL.
Department of Inflammation, Immunex Corp., Seattle WA 98101, USA. williamsonmmunex.com
The mucosal immune system is uniquely equipped to discriminate between potentially invasive pathogens and innocuous food proteins. While the mechanisms responsible for induction of mucosal immunity vs tolerance are not yet fully delineated, recent studies have highlighted mucosal dendritic cells (DC) as being important in determining the fate of orally administered Ag. To further investigate the DC:T cell signals involved in regulating the homeostatic balance between mucosal immunity and tolerance, we have examined the expression and function of the TNFR family member receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) and its cognate ligand, RANKL, in vitro and in vivo. Our data show that although DC isolated from mucosal lymphoid tissues expressed similar levels of surface RANK compared with DC isolated from peripheral lymphoid tissues, DC from the distinct anatomical sites displayed differential responsiveness to RANK engagement with soluble RANKL. Whereas splenic DC responded to RANKL stimulation with elevated IL-12 p40 mRNA expression, Peyer's patch DC instead preferentially displayed increased IL-10 mRNA expression. Our data also show that the in vivo functional capacity of mucosal DC can be modulated by RANKL. Treatment with RANKL in vivo at the time of oral administration of soluble OVA enhanced the induction of tolerance in two different mouse models. These studies underscore the functional differences between mucosal and peripheral DC and highlight a novel role for RANK/RANKL interactions during the induction of mucosal immune responses.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12244151&dopt=Abstract
J Immunol. 2002 Oct 1;169(7):3760-70.
Differential sensitivity of naive and memory CD8+ T cells to apoptosis in vivo.
Grayson JM, Harrington LE, Lanier JG, Wherry EJ, Ahmed R.
Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Apoptosis is a critical regulator of homeostasis in the immune system. In this study we demonstrate that memory CD8(+) T cells are more resistant to apoptosis than naive cells. After whole body irradiation of mice, both naive and memory CD8(+) T cells decreased in number, but the reduction in the number of naive cells was 8-fold greater than that in memory CD8(+) T cells. In addition to examining radiation-induced apoptosis, we analyzed the expansion and contraction of naive and memory CD8(+) T cells in vivo following exposure to Ag. We found that memory CD8(+) T cells not only responded more quickly than naive cells after viral infection, but that secondary effector cells generated from memory cells underwent much less contraction compared with primary effectors generated from naive cells (3- to 5-fold vs 10- to 20-fold decrease). Increased numbers of secondary memory cells were observed in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. When naive and memory cells were transferred into the same animal, secondary effectors underwent less contraction than primary effector cells. These experiments analyzing apoptosis of primary and secondary effectors in the same animal show unequivocally that decreased downsizing of the secondary response reflects an intrinsic property of the memory T cells and is not simply due to environmental effects. These findings have implications for designing prime/boost vaccine strategies and also for optimizing immunotherapeutic regimens for treatment of chronic infections.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12244170&dopt=Abstract
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