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J Virol. 2002 Oct;76(20):10401-16.
Life cycle heterogeneity in animal models of human papillomavirus-associated disease.

Peh WL, Middleton K, Christensen N, Nicholls P, Egawa K, Sotlar K, Brandsma J, Percival A, Lewis J, Liu WJ, Doorbar J.

National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.

Animal papillomaviruses are widely used as models to study papillomavirus infection in humans despite differences in genome organization and tissue tropism. Here, we have investigated the extent to which animal models of papillomavirus infection resemble human disease by comparing the life cycles of 10 different papillomavirus types. Three phases in the life cycles of all viruses were apparent using antibodies that distinguish between early events, the onset of viral genome amplification, and the expression of capsid proteins. The initiation of these phases follows a highly ordered pattern that appears important for the production of virus particles. The viruses examined included canine oral papillomavirus, rabbit oral papillomavirus (ROPV), cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV), bovine papillomavirus type 1, and human papillomavirus types 1, 2, 11, and 16. Each papillomavirus type showed a distinctive gene expression pattern that could be explained in part by differences in tissue tropism, transmission route, and persistence. As the timing of life cycle events affects the accessibility of viral antigens to the immune system, the ideal model system should resemble human mucosal infection if vaccine design is to be effective. Of the model systems examined here, only ROPV had a tissue tropism and a life cycle organization that resembled those of the human mucosal types. ROPV appears most appropriate for studies of the life cycles of mucosal papillomavirus types and for the development of prophylactic vaccines. The persistence of abortive infections caused by CRPV offers advantages for the development of therapeutic vaccines.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12239317&dopt=Abstract

Int J Mol Med. 2002 Oct;10(4):517-21.
Response of the immune system of mammary tumor-bearing rats to cyclophosphamide and soluble low-molecular-mass tumor-associated antigens: the bone marrow and thymus.

Ben-Hur H, Kossoy G, Kossoy N, Zusman I.

Laboratory of Experimental Medicine affiliated to the Institute of Pathology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Tserifin, Israel.

We showed in a previous study that soluble low-molecular-mass tumor-associated antigens (sTAA) promote the anti-tumor effect of the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (CPA) on rat mammary carcinogenesis. In this report, we analyzed the possible mechanism underlying this phenomenon. Studies were performed on the bone marrow and thymus from the following groups of rats: i) control rats, ii) rats treated with sTAA, iii) rats treated with CPA, iv) rats treated with CPA and sTAA. The cellular content of the bone marrow and thymus (CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes) was analyzed morphometrically and immunohistochemically. In the bone marrow, CPA caused significant substitution of cellular components with fatty tissue whereas sTAA repaired this process. We found that CPA affects mainly the process of myelogenesis whereas sTAA protect the production of lymphocytes. In the thymus, CPA alone or in combination with sTAA repaired the inhibition effect of DMBA on synthesis of CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes. sTAA further increased the amount of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the medulla of the thymus. Data in the literature as well as the findings presented here demonstrate that the tested treatment, including vaccination with sTAA, actively promotes the generation of the host's antitumor immune response.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12239604&dopt=Abstract

Lancet. 2002 Aug 10;360(9331):465-6.
Expression of CD14 and Toll-like receptor 2 in farmers' and non-farmers' children.

Lauener RP, Birchler T, Adamski J, Braun-Fahrlander C, Bufe A, Herz U, von Mutius E, Nowak D, Riedler J, Waser M, Sennhauser FH; ALEX study group.

Zurich University Children's Hospital, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland. rlaueneispi.unizh.ch

Children of farmers are at decreased risk of developing allergies. Results of epidemiological studies suggest increased exposure to microbial compounds might be responsible for this reduced risk. Alterations in adaptive immune response are thought to be the underlying mechanism. We measured expression of receptors for microbial compounds known to trigger the innate immune response. We showed that blood cells from farmers' children express significantly higher amounts of CD14 (0.96 vs 0.43, p=0.0013), and Toll-like receptor 2 (0.11 vs 0.04, p<0.0001) than those from non-farmers' children. We propose that the innate immune system responds to the microbial burden in the environment and modulates the development of allergic disease.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12241724&dopt=Abstract

J Immunol. 2002 Dec 15;169(12):6686-90.
Cutting edge: selection of B lymphocyte subsets is regulated by natural IgM.

Baker N, Ehrenstein MR.

Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Natural IgM has a wide range of actions in the immune system. Here we demonstrate that mice lacking serum IgM have an expansion in splenic marginal zone B cells with a proportionately smaller reduction in follicular B cells. The increase in the marginal zone-follicular B cell ratio (and an expansion in peritoneal B1a cells) is fully reversed by administration of polyclonal IgM, but not by two IgM monoclonals. Mice engineered to have a secreted oligoclonal IgM repertoire with an endogenous membrane IgM also exhibited a similar expansion of marginal zone B cells. We propose that natural IgM, by virtue of its polyreactivity, enhances Ag-driven signaling through the B cell receptor and promotes the formation of follicular B cells. These results demonstrate that natural IgM regulates the selection of B lymphocyte subsets.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12471099&dopt=Abstract

P R Health Sci J. 2002 Sep;21(3):195-201.
Distribution of naive (CD45RA+) and memory (CD45RO+) T-cells in HIV-infected Puerto Rican population.

Roman M, Rodriguez JW, Pagan NO, Rios-Olivares E, Amill A, Hunter R.

Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico.

HIV infection usually results in a gradual deterioration of the immune system. It is evident that early recognition of progression markers during HIV infection from asymptomatic to symptomatic state is needed. In the present cross-sectional study, peripheral blood lymphocytes from 63 HIV-infected Puerto Rican individuals were analyzed by two-color flow cytometry to study the co-expression CD45RA and CD45RO on both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and its correlation with age, gender, CD4 count, CD4:CD8 ratio, anti-retroviral therapy, clinical status, and viral load. Measurement of T-cell subsets in these patients showed an excessive increase of CD3+CD8+, CD8+CD45RA+, and CD8+CD45RO+ T-cells as disease progresses. In contrast, it was also observed a significant decrease in CD3+CD4+, CD4+CD45RA+ and CD4+CD45RO+ T-cells. The distribution of CD8+CD45RA+ T-cells did not change significantly between HIV and AIDS cases suggesting that this T-cell subset is not a good progression marker. Interestingly, CD4+CD45RA+ T-cells were significantly difference between genders, and CD44+CD45RA+ and CD8+CD45RO+ T-cells were influenced by age. In conclusion, the distribution of naive/memory CD4+ T-cells and memory CD8+ T-cells significantly correlate with HIV infection in disease progression. It is also important to mention that these T-cell subpopulations may be influenced by both gender and age. Overall, these results suggest that a loss in the generation of new immune response and function may be occurring during disease progression. This study open new windows of understanding that will be beneficial for future studies on immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring for HIV/AIDS.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12243109&dopt=Abstract

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