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Clin Exp Dermatol 2002 Jul;27(5):405-9

Epidemiology and genetics of alopecia areata.


The frequency of alopecia areata and observed patterns of heritability are in keeping with a polygenic inheritance model but the genetics of alopecia areata is still poorly understood. The role of environmental factors in triggering disease initiation or exacerbation remains almost entirely speculative. Using the candidate gene approach, three susceptibility/severity factors have been identified. HLA alleles were the first to show a strong association with alopecia areata and some DQB and DR alleles have been demonstrated to confer a high risk for disease by both case-control and family-based studies. Interleukin (IL)-1 cluster genes, mainly the IL-1 receptor antagonist, show a strong association with disease severity in alopecia areata and a number of other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Finally, the association of alopecia areata with Down's syndrome, the high frequency of alopecia areata in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I due to mutations of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene on chromosome 21q22.3 and the finding of association with MX1, another gene in the Down's syndrome region of chromosome 21 indicate this area of the genome as a promising target for future-family based investigations. The role of individual genes of the MHC, IL-1 cluster or chromosome 21q22.3 is difficult to establish and further genetic and functional investigations are needed to confirm their involvement in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata.


Clin Exp Dermatol 2002 Jul;27(5):358-65

Assessment of hair loss: clinical relevance of hair growth evaluation methods.


This review on hair growth measurement methods focuses on human scalp hair in the context of clinically relevant assessment of hair loss. This phenomenon is the end result of a complex combination of events closely associated with hair cycling followed by defective hair replacement. The methodological spectrum ranges from the most to the least invasive approach. All of the measurement methods referred to are critically reviewed, with their stronger and weaker aspects, in view of their potential application in the skin and hair clinic. The existence of recently developed highly resolutive noninvasive analytical methods capable of exploring almost every aspect of the dynamics of this growth and loss phenomenon allowed calibration of more global scoring method. From this review, the author concludes that a combination of a highly resolutive analytical approach with a global calibrated method seems advisable in the context of the monitoring of hair growth changes for better or worse, i.e. scalp hair growth or hair loss in the hair clinic.


Transgenic Res 2002 Jun;11(3):241-7

Inducible, reversible hair loss in transgenic mice.


Telogen effluvium is a common type of hair loss. Although the morphological changes associated with telogen effluvium have been well characterized, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown, and no animal models have been developed. We report here that inducible transgenic mice expressing high levels of the transcription factor, tTA (tetracycline transactivator), plus a reporter luciferase gene, show a reversible hair loss phenotype. Skin of these mice exhibits an increase in the number of hair follicles at the telogen phase, but a decreased number of follicles at the anagen phase. These changes resemble skin pathology seen in patients with telogen effluvium, which suggests that the inducible transgenic mice may be useful as a model for this disorder. Moreover, since overexpression of several other transgenes failed to cause skin pathology, the present findings also indicate types of molecular abnormalities that may cause reversible hair loss.


Ther Umsch 2002 May;59(5):211-6

Androgenetic alopecia in the man


Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) occurs in approximately 40% of men at the age of 40 and 50% at 50, respectively. Especially for young men progressive hair loss can be distressing. Therefore, understanding of these patients' concerns is important for appropriate management. Current understanding of the pathophysiology of AGA mainly focuses on androgen metabolism as it affects hair growth. As a result, pharmacologic treatment has made considerable progress through the introduction of selective 5 alpha-reductase inhibition with finasteride. In placebo-controlled clinical trials in men with AGA, treatment with oral finasteride proved to be effective. Minoxidil is the only pharmacological substance for topical application with proven efficacy. So far, other treatment modalities have no proven efficacy in clinical trials, so that their use cannot be recommended. Options for advanced AGA not amenable to pharmacologic treatment are autologous hair transplantation and hair replacement, both of which have recently also made progress in terms of cosmetic appeal.


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Related Web resources:


  • What is hair?
  • Curly Hair
  • Biology of hair growth and development.
  • The phenomenon of hair loss.
  • Methods and treatments for hair loss and baldness.
  • Drugs and hair transplantation surgery for hair loss and baldness.
  • Hair loss linked to other health problems.
  • Baldness by choice and fashion.
  • Alopecia info.
  • Alopecia treatment info.
  • Alopecia treatment info.
  • Hair care info.
  • Hair loss and alopecia research articles: abstracts and source links.



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