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J Invest Dermatol 2002 Dec;119(6):1237-43
Loss of cell adhesion in Dsg3bal-Pas mice with homozygous deletion mutation (2079del14) in the desmoglein 3 gene.
Pemphigus encompasses a group of autoimmune blistering diseases with circulating pathogenic autoantibodies recognizing several proteins, including the desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 3. Targeted disruption of the Dsg3 gene by homologous recombination (Dsg3tm1stan) in mouse results in fragility of the skin and oral mucous membranes, analogous to the human disease. In addition, the Dsg3tm1stan mice develop phenotypic runting and hair loss, identical to that of the mouse mutant, Dsg3bal-2J. The Dsg3bal-2J mice are homozygous for a 1 bp insertion (2275insT) in the Dsg3 gene resulting in a nonfunctional Dsg3 mRNA. In this study, we characterized an allelic mutation, Dsg3bal-Pas, with clinical features similar to those in Dsg3bal-2J. We have identified a 14 bp deletion in exon 13 of the Dsg3 gene resulting in a frameshift and premature termination codon 7 bp downstream from the site of the deletion and causing a truncation of the desmoglein 3 polypeptide by 199 amino acids, eliminating virtually all of the intracellular domain. We demonstrate that, although a Dsg3 mRNA transcript was detectable in Dsg3bal-Pas skin, the corresponding protein for desmoglein 3 was completely absent in the oral mucosal epithelium of homozygous Dsg3bal-Pas compared with that of +/Dsg3bal-Pas mice. No significant changes in the expression of desmogleins 1 and 2 were detected. To elucidate a potential mechanism causing loss of cell adhesion in the Dsg3bal-Pas mice, we generated a myc-tagged truncated Dsg3bal-Pas desmoglein 3 protein and expressed it in keratinocytes. The myc-tagged truncated Dsg3bal-Pas desmoglein 3 protein was found predominantly in the cytoplasm possibly due to increased proteolytic degradation. Cell surface staining was also detected but was jagged, not linear along the cell-cell border like that observed for the full-length desmoglein 3. The expression of the myc-tagged truncated Dsg3bal-Pas desmoglein 3 protein resulted in a reduction in staining of other desmosomal proteins, including desmoglein 1 and 2, plakophilin 2, and plakoglobin. In addition, the cells expressing myc-tagged truncated Dsg3bal-Pas desmoglein 3 protein underwent dramatic changes in cell morphology and exhibited striking extensive filopodia. Collectively, these data showed that the perturbation of desmoglein 3 found in the Dsg3bal-Pas mice resulted in disadhesion of keratinocytes manifested with blistering phenotype.
Australas J Dermatol 2002 Nov;43(4):311-2
Sensitization to saw palmetto and minoxidil in separate topical extemporaneous treatments for androgenetic alopecia.
We report a 24-year-old woman with androgenetic alopecia who became sensitized to topical minoxidil following use of an extemporaneous preparation of minoxidil 4% with retinoic acid in a propylene glycol base. She subsequently also became sensitized to saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), a topical herbal extract commonly promoted for the treatment of hair loss.
Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2002 Jul;18(4):219-20
Dense-packing hair grafting technique for restoration of cicatricial alopecia
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility of using dense-packing hair grafting technique for restoration of cicatricial alopecia. METHODS: Under local anesthesia, a scalp strip was harvested from the back of the head. A series of micro-grafts with 1-3 hairs and mini-grafts with 4-6 hairs were created from this strip. In the scarring recipient area, micro-slots were made with a 18 G needle for the micro-grafts and mini-slits were made with a No. 64 mini-blade for the mini-grafts. The grafts were then implanted into these holes. RESULTS: Ninety-six patients with 128 bald scarring areas, resulted from burn, trauma or infection, were treated with the above-mentioned technique from April. 1998 to February. 2000. All of the patients were satisfied with the appearance. In the micro-graft area, the graft density reached 10-15 mini-grafts/cm2 per session. In the micro-graft area, the graft density reached 16-19 micro-grafts/cm2 per session. Postoperative following-up for more than 1 year showed that the grafted hairs were growing well with 90%-95% survival of the hair. One third of the patients obtained satisfactory results with only one session. Two thirds of the patients needed the second session to improve the appearance. CONCLUSIONS: The dense-packing hair grafting technique is a simple, safe and effective method for hair restoration surgery. It is not only used for male pattern baldness, but could also be applied for restoration of cicatricial alopecia.
Skin Res Technol 2002 May;8(2):106-11
Contrast enhanced phototrichogram pinpoints scalp hair changes in androgen sensitive areas of male androgenetic alopecia.
BACKGROUND/AIM: In male androgenetic alopecia (AGA), global changes of scalp hair observed on many years are the cumulative result of discrete changes. Such changes reflect structural and/or functional modifications occurring at the level of individual hair follicles. The patterning of scalp hair loss is the phenotypic expression of clusters of hormone sensitive follicles located in specific scalp areas.The aim of this study was to evaluate, in 21 untreated male subjects with AGA, the relation between various hair measurements using a new validated photographic method with clinical staging (modified Norwood-Hamilton scale) as compared with five controls. METHODS: As recently demonstrated by comparison with transverse sectioning of scalp biopsies, dynamic changes occurring at the level of individual hair follicles can be accurately explored with the contrast enhanced phototrichogram technique (CE-PTG). This is a further improvement of the PTG (combined analysis of two photographs taken at 48 h interval) using contrast enhancement together with the scalp immersion proxigraphy method. Visible hair counts per unit area were first evaluated on photographs without and with CE. Then other scalp hair variables (anagen hair counts and proportion of thin hair (
Being such a complex biological process, hair growth biology is still a work in progress. Noetheless, several therapeutic methods, including drugs, surgery, and suppelements have been in use to help those who attempt to restore their hair. None of these approaches are perfect due to the diversity in the causes underlying hair loss. Also, most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are accompanied by undesirable side effects.
DreamPharm offers Hair Million to address hair loss problems. Numerous anecdotal cases have demonstrated that this herbal formula based on authentic Chinese herbs actually improves the age-related hair thinning and hair loss among a significant fraction of people who take it regularly. We still do not understand the mechanisms of action as to how Hair Million works to stop hair loss and promote hair growth, despite all the positive anecdotal observations. Neither scientific research nor placebo controlled clinical analysis has been conducted because it will cost dearly. Lack of scientific/clinical research is quite common in herbal arena. Just because science hasn't scrutinized we should not stop taking daily food and herbal supplements altogether: our life must go on until we have better understandings of food and herb. There are two merits in this hair restoration herbal formula: Firstly, Hair Million is relatively inexpensive, and secondly, it is made of edible herbs that are known to be safe when consumed in regular quantities.
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